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Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi (ÇAKÜ) Welcome to start - off lecture

Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi (ÇAKÜ) Welcome to start - off lecture Topic : Definitions of Engineering, Relationship between Life and Electrical – Electronics, Communications Engineering , Historical Background,. Different definitions of engineering.

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Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi (ÇAKÜ) Welcome to start - off lecture

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  1. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi (ÇAKÜ)Welcome to start-off lecture • Topic : Definitions of Engineering, Relationship between Life and Electrical – Electronics, Communications Engineering, Historical Background,

  2. Different definitions of engineering • Engineering, being inspired from the physical side of nature, is an art of designing systems and devices to serve the well-being of humankind. Mühendislik fiziksel olaylardan, doğadan esinlenip, insanın toplumun refahına yararlı olabilecek cihazları, sistemleri yapabilme sanatıdır • Engineering is the physical face of mathematics. Mühendislik matematiğin fiziksel hale dönüşmüş şeklidir • Engineering is the art of predicting the result of an experiment or simulation beforehand (before we actually perform the experiment).Mühendislik deney veya benzetim (simülasyon) yapmadan önce sonucun yaklaşık ne çıkacağını tahmin etme, öngörme sanatıdır • Engineering is the ability to reason and assess the correctness and the feasibility of results obtained at the end of long and complex mathematical formulations or simulations, it is also the ability to arrive at the same result even if we undertake no theoretical derivations. Mühendislik uzun ve karmaşık matematiksel veya benzetim işlemleri sonrasında elde edilen sonucun makuliyetini, doğruluğunu tartabilmektir. Teorik çıkartımlar yapmasak bile aynı sonuca varabilme yeteneğidir • Engineering is a technique of expressing magnitudes in numbers and units. Mühendislik büyüklükleri rakamlar ve birimler ile ifade etme yöntemidir • Engineering means caution and safety. Mühendislik ihtiyattır • Engineering is the physical walls of mathematics. Mühendislik matematiğin fiziksel duvarlarıdır • Engineering is to find what is related to what and in which manner. Mühendislik neyin ne ile ne kadar ilişkili olduğunu bulmaktır • Engineering is to measure efficiency and increase it. Mühendislik verimliliği ölçebilmek ve arttırmaktır • Engineering is to understand, in connection with the physical realities, what is possible and what is impossible. Mühendislik neyin mümkün, neyin mümkün olamayacağını fiziksel gerçekler ile bağdaştırıp, anlatabilme yetisidir

  3. Samples of relations between engineering and mathematics • Mühendislik Matematik İlişkisine Birkaç Örnek • In the year 1873,James Clerk Maxwell listed the following equations governing the propagation behavior of electromagnetic waves in any medium • With the help of Maxwell’s equations written above, we are now in a perfect position to design transmitters and receivers for communications When writing the above mathematical equations, Maxwell benefited from the earlier work of Faraday, Ampere and Gauss, but added a quantity called «displacement current» to Ampere’s law giving a brilliant, but intuitive, solution to the purely mathematical consideration that the divergence of the curl of any vector must vanish (The experimental verification of Maxwell’s theory was provided by Hertz in 1888.)

  4. Samples of relationsbetweenengineeringandmathematics • Mühendislik Matematik İlişkisine Birkaç Örnek • In the year 1948,for a given signal power, noise spectral density and communication channel bandwidth, Calude Elwood Shannon defined the maximum bit rate that can reliably pass through this channel, which is given by • We will achieve the maximum bit rate, C given above in 5G networks by coding, hence increasing efficiency of communication (polar codes – ErdalArıkan). HTE - Açılış Konuşması - 10.10.2018

  5. Samples of relationsbetweenengineeringandmathematics • Mühendislik Matematik İlişkisine Birkaç Örnek • We can demonstrate the strong relationship between engineering and mathematics by plotting C of above equation in the following way • Reliable • communication • Unreliable communication • As seen from the above plot we cannot indefinitely increase the achievable bit rate C, by increasing the channel bandwidth, since C saturates after a certain point, hence we have to apply coding. 5 5 HTE - Açılış Konuşması - 10.10.2018

  6. Samples of relationsbetweenengineeringandmathematics • Mühendislik Matematik İlişkisine Birkaç Örnek • Living in Turkmenistan, in 9 th century, a scientist named Ebu Abdullah Muhammed İbn Musa el Hârizmî constructed the framework of algorithm based on a sequence of algebraic equations that are brought together to solve a certain problem. All modern computer languages use this concept • A sample of computer language independent (pseudo code) algorithm is shown above 6 HTE - Açılış Konuşması - 10.10.2018

  7. Tragedies, fortunes and coincidences in the history of engineering • In the AC – DC war for the electricity distribution networks waged toward the end of 1800, led to the death of many stray dogs in the experiments conducted with the (crazy) idea that AC kills, but DC is safe. The winner in this debate, Nikola Tesla, the defender of AC lived and died in poverty in his old ages. The loosing side, Thomas Edison, on the other hand lived in luxury till the end of his life. • In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented the (analogue) telephone, made a great contribution to humankind but also change the route (trend) of technology. The telegraph invented earlier in 1840s was based on (semi) digital technology, but the telephone of Bell was purely analogue. It took us 150 years to make a transition from analogue to digital. • In the year 1947 those Bell Lab scientists, John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley who developed the first transistor, later on sought their own fortune individually, but all became commercially unsuccessful. 7 HTE - Açılış Konuşması - 10.10.2018

  8. The engineering designs insprired from life • The detection and decision strategy of a communication receiver are the same the predictions of contestant. In this context, the receiver measures the distance (or measures the similarity) between the received vector and all other signals likely to be sent from the transmitter and makes a decision on the signal whose distance is the minimum. The same applies to the guess of the contestant in wheel of fortune. In this case, the contestant measures the distance between the incomplete word on the board and those words in the dictionary and chooses the one that has the minimum distance. • The other striking example is for an empty word box, the contestant will in majority of cases, guess the letters K, L, A which are the most used letter in Turkish alphabet. This is in perfect agreement with the receiver detection strategy that in the absence of no received signal, the receiver will decide in favor of the symbol which is most likely to be sent from transmitter. • Of course engineering is not solely about the recognition of similarities between life and engineering. The next step from there is the mathematical modelling of the case, optimizing it, making it most energy efficient and continues from there. HTE - Açılış Konuşması - 10.10.2018

  9. Hayatın Pratiğinden Çıkartılan Mühendislik Örnekleri HTE - Açılış Konuşması - 10.10.2018

  10. Hayatın Pratiğinden Çıkartılan Mühendislik Örnekleri • Mühendislikte sıklıkla kullanılan geri besleme düzeneğinin blok şeması altta gösterilmiştir • Burada pozitif veya negatif geri besleme kullanılabilir. Pozitif geri (+) besleme sistemde kararsızlığa (osilasyona) sebebiyet verir. Oysa negatif (-) geri besleme sistemi kararlı hale getirir. Hayatta böyledir, pozitif geri beslemeye karşılık gelen daimi başarı kişiyi olgunlaştırmaz, oysa başarısızlığa, düşüp kalkmaya karşılık gelen negatif geri besleme kişiyi daha olgunlaştırır, daha kararlı hale getirir. HTE - Açılış Konuşması - 10.10.2018

  11. Hayatın Pratiğinden Çıkartılan Mühendislik Örnekleri • Aşağıda gösterildiği şekilde ikişer adet aynı lisanı konuşan kişilerin bir daire etrafında gösterilen konumda dizildiği ve karşılıklı (eş zamanlı) konuştuğunu farz edelim • Karşılıklı konuşmada Türk olanların kulağı (alıcısı) Türkçeye alışkın olduğu için Tur 1, Tur 2’nin konuştuklarını anlayacaktır. Fakat Tur 1 ve Tur 2 (eğer lisanı bilmiyor ise) Fr 1, Fr2, İng 1, İng 2, Alm 1 ve Alm 2’nin konuştuklarını anlamayacak, daha doğrusu alıcı vazifesini gören kulaklar diğer lisanları gürültü olarak yorumlayacaktır. HTE - Açılış Konuşması - 10.10.2018

  12. Hayatın Pratiğinden Çıkartılan Mühendislik Örnekleri • Yukarıda anlatılan işlemlerin haberleşmedeki karşılığı 3G’de kullanılan kod ekseninde çoklamadır (yani kullanıcılara biri birinden ayırt edilebilir kod tahsis etme). Bu olayın matematiksel tarifi ise aşağıda gösterilen benzetme (korelasyon) integralidir • Aslında yukarıdaki basit integraller insanın göz, kulak gibi organlarının yüz tanıma, ses tanıma gibi özelliklerini birebir tarif etmektedir. Örneğin karşılaştığımız bir insanın yüzünü (simasını), yukarıda yazılı integralleri (uzaysal eksenlerde) hızla çalıştırarak zihnimizde kayıtlı tüm yüzler ile karşılaştırıp, integral sonucu en yüksek çıkanda karar kılarak tanımaktayız. Bu işlemin bir hayli sayıda olanı için ancak 1-2 saniye harcadığımızı düşünüzsek, zihnimizin beynimizin çalışma hızı, işlem yapabilme kabiliyeti hakkında da bir fikir edinmiş oluruz. HTE - Açılış Konuşması - 10.10.2018

  13. Rules and guidelines for a good presentation • The layout on each page should carry a title subtitle, some logo, name of author/presenter and names of team members, course name andcode. • Project title should be given in the first slide, team members, the related name of course. • The second slide should preferably give a list of contents, assignedtoteammembers. • Each page may carry a subtitle. • There should be enough figures to explain the topic properly. No imported figures are allowed (no copy paste) • There could be some relevant mathematical formulation. • The sentences should be in downward logical order, i.e., each next sentence should logically be connected to the previous one (s). • There should be a list of references, i.e., the literature sources that are used in the preparation of the presentation. At least one reference source must be from scientific literature (from CAKÜ library). For reference style, use my CV (available on wesitem) • No copy past sentences are allowed, construct your own sentences. We may use Turnitin of library to check for similarity to existing literature, that it should not exceed 20 % • Each team member will present one (different) section of the presentation • The presentation should undergo the spellcheck, before handing in. HTE - Açılış Konuşması - 10.10.2018

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