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Rice Production Conflicts in the Tempisque-Bebedero Watershed

Rice Production Conflicts in the Tempisque-Bebedero Watershed. Charlie Nealis Elise Karpinski Gentry Mander Nalowa Malafa. Cultural Significance. National/Local Economy. Environment and Agriculture. Payment for Ecosystem Services. I nternational Trade.

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Rice Production Conflicts in the Tempisque-Bebedero Watershed

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  1. Rice Production Conflicts in the Tempisque-Bebedero Watershed Charlie Nealis Elise Karpinski Gentry Mander Nalowa Malafa

  2. Cultural Significance National/Local Economy Environment and Agriculture Payment for Ecosystem Services International Trade

  3. Incoherence with International Trade Policy • Ideological difference • Neoliberalism v. Protectionism COMEX CONARROZ

  4. CONARROZ • a public entity, created by law, privately funded and administered • protect and promote rice industry • recommends the price controls to MEIC • sole authority to import rice, tariff free, when supply is not met • sells imported rice at domestic price

  5. COMEX-Ministry of Foreign Trade • promote involvement in global economy • ensure compliance with trade obligations • developing infrastructure and adopting technology to increase competitiveness • correct any measures that prevent implementation of trade obligations

  6. World Trade Organization • Agreement on Agriculture • Green Box - not trade-distorting subsidies • Amber Box - trade-distorting subsidies • price supports • tariffs • Aggregate Measure of Support • $15.95 million • 2010 = $109.7 million

  7. Allowed AMS v. Actual AMS

  8. CAFTA-DR • Free Trade Agreement • elimination of tariffs • phase out process for rice • Costa Rica liberalized everything BUT rice

  9. Why the incoherence? • WTO: AMS is outdated and unreasonable • CAFTA-DR: FTA is not fair because the US has not stopped subsidizing their rice farmers

  10. Cultural Significance National/Local Economy Environment and Agriculture Payment for Ecosystem Services International Trade

  11. Socioeconomic Overview • 40% of Costa Rica's rice producers produce 80% of domestic rice • Heavy dependency on price control benefits • 25% of Guanacaste is employed in agriculture

  12. Incidence of Expenditures

  13. Opposition to Free Trade

  14. Rice: A Cultural Identity

  15. Food Security • FAO Definition • Costa Rican Constitution • Counterarguments • ICESCR • CESCR • Food Sovereignty and its benefits

  16. Cultural Significance National/Local Economy Environment and Agriculture Payment for Ecosystem Services International Trade

  17. Oryza sativa communis •Several varieties for Costa Rica •4 stages of development –Seedling –Vegetative –Flowering –Ripening

  18. Field Management •Flooding regime –Different heights, different stages –Total requirement: 5-9 acre-feet •Irrigated fields 24% more productive than rainfed

  19. Rice in the Tempisque Basin •2 cropping cycles a year -January to May, July to November •Harvest time 110-140 days •Fertilizer: 184 kg/Ha? N, P, K, Zn -Application timing and records? •Clay Soils, pH 7, stable 30 degrees C •Herbicides, Pesticides, Fungicides •Rice straw management

  20. Why is rice here important? • 45% national rice production • Yield: 7.66 t/Ha vs. 3.52 t/Ha nationwide • 60% rice consumed in CR is from CR

  21. What should rice producers do? •Fertilizer –Application rates based on soil tests and recommendations •100lbs N/acre, 50lbs P/acre (US) –Water level management •More than 1-2” season long

  22. Effects of Agriculture on Palo Verde •Little to no nutrients in effluent from Rice •Little to no agrochemicals in effluent from Rice •What about tilapia, melons, sugarcane, etc? •So everyone should grow rice… right?

  23. Sustainable Rice Production •For profit and for environment •Leave the straw on the field •Apply agrochemicals as needed •Base fertilization on water/soil test •Rotate crops for production, pest, and disease management •Proper water management

  24. What does this mean for Tempisque? •Because of their location in the basin, rice paddies can: –Offer alternative habitats/buffer zones –Increase biodiversity –Control flooding and erosion –Increase GW recharge –Be nutrient sinks for drainage canal water •Remove 56% TN, 68%TP •Treat a lot of water!

  25. Recommendations 1. Soil and water testing in field, in incoming water, and in effluent 2. Use drainage canals for water and provide proper irrigation and flooding regimes 3. Incorporate BMPs and NMPs while involving CONARROZ in the training and reevaluation process

  26. Cultural Significance National/Local Economy Environment and Agriculture Payment for Ecosystem Services International Trade

  27. Payment for Ecosystem Services PES is: 1. A voluntary transaction in which 2. a well-defined environmental service (ES), or a form of land use likely to secure that service 3. is bought by at least one ES buyer 4. from a minimum of one ES provider 5. if and only if the provider continues to supply that service (conditionality) -Sven Wunder

  28. A Four Step Plan Step One: Identifying Ecosystem Service Prospects & Potential Buyers Checklist: • Define, measure, and assess the ecosystem service being provided in a particular area • Determine marketable value • Identify potential buyers who benefit from the service • Consider whether to sell as individuals or as a group

  29. A Four Step Plan Step Two: Assessing Institutional & Technical Capacity Step Three: Structuring Agreement Step Four: Implement PES Agreement

  30. It was Rice Speaking with You! Questions?

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