WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY Gender, Women and Politics

1. WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITYGender, Women and Politics The National Democratic Institute

2. INTRODUCTIONS/GROUND RULES • Introductions • Ground Rules • Ice Breaker Exercise Photo: Sanja Gjenero for rgbstock.com

3. WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY OBJECTIVES • Increase awareness of international instruments related to women, peace and security • Understand why women must be involved in peace processes • Consider how women can engage

4. WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY TOPICS • Why women must be involved • Statistics • UNSCR 1325/associated resolutions • Global indicators • Programming and comparative examples

5. KEY TERMS • Peace making • Peace operations • Security • Sexual violence • Truth and reconciliation commission • Other terms? • Conflict • DDR • Gender-based violence • Mediation • Negotiation • Peace • Peace building • Peace keeping

6. EXERCISE: WHY WOMEN? • Why should women be involved in peace processes and security operations? Photo: Ab Aziz, NDI

7. WHY WOMEN? • Committed to peace building • Unique perspective • Inclusive/consensus-based leadership • Work across divides • Access and influence

8. WHY WOMEN? • Suffer disproportionately • Peace agreements have a better chance of success • Transforming power relations • Seat at the table Photo: Michael Angelo, Wonderland

9. WHY WOMEN? “The systematic exclusion of women from the negotiation of peace agreements and implementing bodies is one of the key reasons why so many of these agreements ultimately fail and countries return to conflict.” ~ Don Steinberg, USAID Photo: USAID

10. EXERCISE: ANGOLA CASE STUDY • Gender neutral? • “Nothing about us without us” Photo: J.F. Housel, CARE Map: www.graphicmaps.com

11. FACTS: WOMEN IN PEACE PROCESSES • In 24 major peace processes, women were: • 8% of negotiators • 3% of mediators • 2.5% of signatories • No women have been appointed lead mediators in UN peace talks

12. FACTS: SEXUAL VIOLENCE • Rwandan genocide: 250,000 –500,000 raped • Bosnian war: 20,000 – 50,000 raped • Sierra Leone: 50,000 – 64,000 sexually attacked • DRC: More than 200,000 raped Photo: Amel Emric, AP

13. FACTS: SEXUAL VIOLENCE • Out of 300 peace agreements over 20 years,18 addressed sexual violence “In no other area is our collective failure to ensure effective protection for civilians more apparent…” Ban Ki-Moon

14. FACTS: CITIZEN SECURITY • Civilians vast majority of victims • Women and girls targeted as war tactic “It is now more dangerous to be a woman than to be a soldier in modern conflict.” — Patrick Cammaert Photo: Paula Bronstein/Getty Images AsiaPac

15. FACTS: WOMEN COMBATANTS • “Uniformed” armies • “Irregular” armies • Child soldiers: 40% are girls Photo: Saurabh Das, AP

16. FACTS: TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSIONS • Women as witnesses – not victims • Focus on violations in public sphere • Women’s experiences ignored • “Gender neutral” approach Photo: Iris Films

17. CEDAW • Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women • International bill of rights for women • Defines discrimination • Establishes legal standards for gender equality • Legally binding • National reports

18. CEDAW State parties required to: • Incorporate gender equality and non-discrimination in laws • Establish institutional protections • Advance gender equality • Eliminate discrimination by private persons and organizations

19. UNSCR 1325 • First United Nations Security Council resolution (UNSCR) to link women to peace and security agenda • Adopted unanimously in 2000 Photo: www.peacewomen.org • Recognizes thatwomen are disproportionately affected

20. UNSCR 1325 The participation of women in: • national, regional and international institutions • conflict prevention, management and resolution mechanisms • peace negotiations • peace operations • as Special Representatives

21. UNSCR 1325 The protection of women and girls from sexual and gender-based violence • in emergency and humanitarian situations • through training of peace operations personnel on the rights of women and girls and protection measures Photo: Theresa Donnelly, U.S. Pacific Command Public Affairs

22. UNSCR 1325 The prevention of violence by: • prosecuting violators • respecting civilian and humanitarian nature of refugee camps • excluding sexual violence crimes from amnesty • strengthening women’s rights under national law • supporting women’s peace initiatives

23. UNSCR 1325 The mainstreaming of gender perspectives by: • appointing Gender Advisors • considering the needs of women and girls in policy development • incorporating women’s organizations Photo: NDI

24. SUBSEQUENT RESOLUTIONS • 1820 (2008) recognizes conflict-related sexual violence • 1888 (2009) strengthens implementation of 1820 Photo: peacewomen.org

25. SUBSEQUENT RESOLUTIONS • 1889 (2009) addresses obstacles to women’s participation in peace processes and peace building • 1960 (2010) provides accountability for implementation of1820 and 1888 Photo: Eskinder Debebe, UN

26. UNSCR 1325 AND CEDAW: DIFFERENCES • CEDAW • addresses women’s needs from human rights perspective • provides entry points, specific steps • 1325 • provides political framework • does not provide detailed guidance

27. GLOBAL INDICATORS • Indicators are signposts of change • 26 indicators around 4 pillars: • Prevention • Participation • Protection • Relief and recovery

28. PILLAR 1: PREVENTION • Incident of sexual violence • Extent to which missions include info on violations in reports a) Number of violations that are reported, referred and investigated b) Number of women in national human rights bodies • Percentage of cases of exploitation and abuse by peacekeepers and humanitarian workers that are referred, investigated and acted upon

29. PILLAR 2: PARTICIPATION • Peace agreements with provisions to improve the security/status of women • Number and percentage of women in senior UN decision-making positions • Level of gender expertise in UN decision-making • Level of participation of women in peace negotiations Photo: Andi Gitow, UN

30. PILLAR 3: PROTECTION • Index of women’s and girls’ physical security • Extent to which national laws protect women’s and girls’ human rights • Level of women’s participation in justice and security sectors • Existence of national mechanisms for control of arms and weapons • Percentage of women in economic recovery programs

31. PILLAR 4: RELIEF AND RECOVERY • Maternal mortality • Primary and secondary education enrolment rates • Extent to which strategic planning incorporates gender analysis, targets, indicators and budgets • Proportion of funding to CSOs spent on gender issues Photo: Paula Bronstein, Getty Images

32. OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENGAGEMENT • National action plans • Shadow reports • Awareness building • Consultations • Workshops • Training negotiators Photo: NDI

33. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN (NAP) Why create a NAP? • Articulate priorities • Coordinate across government • Raise awareness • Promote accountability • Basis for monitoring and evaluation

34. HOW TO DEVELOP A NAP • Build political will • Get organized • Conduct an assessment • Hold consultations • Draft NAP • Input on draft • Finalize and publicize

35. NAP CONTENTS • Introduction and rationale • Long- and short-term objectives • Specific initiatives • Timeframe • Monitoring and evaluation • Budget

36. EXERCISE: REVIEWING A NAP

37. SHADOW REPORTS • 4-year reporting cycle • NGOs submit “shadow reports” • Attend committee meetings • Participate in consultations • Promote accountability

38. BUILD AWARENESS • Use existing resources and networks to educate women about their rights • Translate 1325 into local languages • Increase awareness among illiterate women

39. BUILD AWARENESS • Use media • Radio broadcasts • Social media: Facebook, Twitter, YouTube • Engage in internet advocacy • Tap into existing internet resources such as www.peacewomen.org

40. CONSULTATIONS • Identify issues and flag gaps between policy and practice • Don’t forget men! • Communicate recommendations

41. WORKSHOPS • Bring together stakeholders • Identify common goals • Assign responsibility for tasks • Determine next steps Photo: NDI

42. TRAINING NEGOTIATORS • Train women to increase pool of qualified negotiators • Training on mainstreaming gender Photo: Rocio Alvarez, NDI

43. INCREASING PARTICIPATION IN PEACE PROCESSES • Establish advisory group or appoint dedicated gender adviser • Create opportunities for CSOs to dialogue with decision makers • Guarantee equitable funding • Offer negotiating teams extra seats for women

44. INCREASING PARTICIPATION IN GOVERNMENT • Demand women’s inclusion in transitional institutions • Support constitutional provisions that guarantee women’s participation • Establish election mechanisms that advance women’s representation • Support electoral systems that require voters to select male and female candidates

45. EXAMPLES: WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY • Pre-negotiation: Afghanistan • Negotiations: Liberia • Post-negotiations: Fiji Photo: NDI

46. WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY REVIEW • Need for women’s participation clear • Women remain marginalized • International instruments promote inclusion • Issues with implementation • Opportunities for engagement • Success stories