Democratic Republican Era

1. Democratic Republican Era Presidents Jefferson, Madison and Monroe in the life of the Early Republic

2. Essential Questions • Review: Adam and Jefferson administration • 1. Is Jefferson more federalist than the federalists? Evaluate based on party beliefs and actual policies pursued. • 2. Evaluate the cause, course and outcome of the War of 1812, America’s Second War of Independence. • 3. What are the major issues and resolutions America experienced during the Era of Good Feelings. Are the outcomes a recipe for more conflict?

3. xyz XYZ AFFAIR • To avoid war with France, President Adams sent 3 US representatives (John Marshall, Charles Pinckney and John Jay) to negotiate a peace agreement….. • US representatives were snubbed by the French government…… • Eventually, 3 French representatives (known as X, Y and Z because they refused to give their names) • XYZ demanded a bribe of $250,000 to merely talk with Tallyrand • Insulted, we refused the demands and left France… • US & French begin to fight an undeclared naval war. Adams Tallyrand President Adams on the XYX Affair….”I will never send another minister to France without assurances that he will be received, respected, and honored as the representative of a great, free, powerful and independent nation.”

4. Fighting with France • Americans wanted war and were heard to say • “millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute” • US prepares for war, expands navy, creates the US Marine Corps.

5. Quasi War with France • 1798-1800: In undeclared hostilities, mostly around West Indies • Undeclared naval war • US captured over 80 French ships but lost several hundred to France. • Needed only slight push for war.

6. Alien/sedition • ISSUE:Does the United States Govt have the right to suspend your rights (Bill of Rights) in time of crisis (such as war) to protect the national security of the country? • ALIEN ACT:Congress gave President Adams the power to deport any immigrant who was considered a risk to national security….Also, changed naturalization (immigrants who want to become citizens) from 5 years to 14 yrs… • SEDITION ACT:Congress gave President Adams special powers to arrest anyone who spoke out against the war effort….Primarily against Jefferson’s Democratic/Republicans and newspaper editors who opposed the war…..

7. SEDITION ACT • “That if any person shall write, print, utter, or publish, or shall cause or procure to be written, printed, uttered or published, or shall knowingly and willingly assist in any false, • Scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States, or either house of Congress or the President of the United States, • Then such person, being thereof convicted before any court of the United States, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars and by imprisonment not exceeding two years……”

8. Federalist Witch Hunt • Alien Laws also gave President authority to deport (peace) or imprison (wartime) foreigners • Sedition Act: prohibited impeding policies of government or falsely defaming officials ~ aimed at Jeffersonian newspapers

9. Kty/va resolutions KENTUCKY AND VIRGINIA RESOLUTION Jefferson’s and Madison’s response to the Sedition Act…..They tried to convince the other states not to support the Sedition Act….It failed and the Sedition Act remained the law until 1801. DOCTRINE OF NULLIFICATION:Since the States created the National Government, they have the right to nullify, cancel or decide not to obey a law they believed was unconstitutional …. COMPACT THEORY:Belief Jefferson and Madison held that since the states created the National Govt. and the states entered into this compact voluntarily, they have the right to refuse to obey any law they believe is unconstitutional…

10. REVOLUTION OF 1800 John S. Adams Thomas Jefferson Federalist Democratic/Republican • Significance of Election of 1800 • peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another • “revolutionary” achievement

11. Jefferson Administration(actions in red) Federalists • Fear: Jefferson would 1) return power to the states, 2) dismantle army and navy, 3) overturn Ham. Financial plans • Mudslinging: Jefferson a brandy soaked defamer of the church, an atheist Democratic Republicans DR Charged Federalists with contempt of the people’s liberties. • Large standing army-cut $ & size, yet used to enforce Embargo and against Tripoli 2) Imposed heavy taxes & use the bank to support the elite interests- eliminated many taxes but kept the bank and economic system in place 3) Use of federal troops and courts to supress dissent- used to enforce Embargo 4) Stretched the Constitution to fit political goals- also stretched to acquire LA Purchase Fear: Federalist goal to centralize power and involve the US in a war with France

12. Notes1 JEFFERSON'S PRESIDENCY • 1. Jefferson: 1801 to 1809 • VP: Aaron Burr • The Revolution of 1800 • peaceful transfer of power • Jeffersonian Democracy • 2. Marbury vs. Madison, 1803 • Midnight appointments of Adams. • Chief Justice John Marshall • Judicial Review • Power of Supreme Court to declare a FEDERAL law unconstitutional

13. Judicial Review in a Picture

14. THOMAS JEFFERSON • Who is he? • Born in Virginia • Graduate of William and Mary College • A practicing lawyer and member of Virginia’s House of Burgesses • Father of the DOI • Secretary of State under President Washington • Vice President under Adams • Owned 200 slaves

15. LOUISIANA PURCHASE • 1800, France acquired Spanish Louisiana & New Orleans • Because of pressure from the west and national security threats, Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans from France • Offered Napoleon $10 million to buy New Orleans • If sale fails, instructed to seek alliance with England

16. LOUISIANA PURCHASE Since Napoleon was at war with Great Britain he offered entire Louisiana Territory to US for $15 million Needed the money for his war with Great Britain Jefferson purchased Louisiana Territory for $15 million, about 3 cents an acre Doubled the size of the US Jefferson’s greatest accomplishment but no congressional approval Why? Land acquisition without war Louisiana purchase

17. Ole Ograbme

18. Road to War (1812) • How will Jefferson and Madison try to avoid war? • Causes: • 1. Chesapeake-Leopold Affair • British Chesapeake vs American Leopold • Impressment

19. Road to War (1812) • 2. British in western forts • 3. Tecumseh- pan Indian unification efforts • Native Americans fight with British supplied weapons/ammo • Battle of Tippecanoe (1807) • Tecumseh unifies a confederacy of tribes • The Prophet teaches to avoid American influence and ways • Battle led to US victory under General William Henry Harrison (future President) • Marked end of Native American resistance in Northwest • Further secured Westward expansion for eager settlers

20. Road to War (1812) • Levers of Influence • Economic lever: Embargo Act 1807 – • Economic embargo • Enforced at borders and ports • Politically polarizing • Ineffective How does this impact Jefferson’s administration?

21. Road to War (1812) • 2. Failure of Diplomatic Lever • Non-Intercourse Act – • Replaced Embargo Act • Banned trade with Britain and France • Ineffective • Macon’s Bill No. 2- • Carrot and stick • Clumsy legislation • Reopened trade with Napoleon

22. IV. War of 1812 • Course of war: fought along Canadian border & Atlantic Coast • American plans to invade/take Canada fail • Pushed back to defend American soil • Battle of Lake Erie: Commodore Perry’s victory • British troops burn Washington D.C. • Dolly Madison saves national treasures • Rise in patriotism similar to after Pearl Harbor and 9/11 • Fort McHenry: Francis Scott Key writes the Star Spangled Banner • Treaty of Ghent signed in 1815 • Wait for ratification • Battle of New Orleans: Andrew Jackson’s victory (Old Hickory) • Secures America’s victory and ratification of treaty • Jackson mounts defense of city from fortified position • British lost 2,000 killed, US 71 fatalities

23. IV. War of 1812 • Outcome: 1. Gained little concessions • British agree to remove troops • Recognize territorial boundaries • 2. New American heroes: • William Henry Harrison & Tecumseh • Andrew Jackson • 3. Inspired greater nationalism (identity) • 4. Spurred American manufacturing (high protective tariffs) • 1820’s-1840’s significant growth • Transition to permanent wage labor • Labor force composed of men, women & children by 1840’s • Tension between immigrants and native Americans • Characteristics: long hours, low pay, unsanitary conditions, laissez-faire (little government intervention in business)

24. V. Era of Good Feelings • President James Monroe elected 5th President (1816-1824) • Political differences remain, partisan politics fades • Sectionalism: needs of North, South and West • Issues of the day: • Bank: Westerners distrust banks & creditors especially after Panic of 1819 (p. 266) • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) upheld the Constitutionality of the Bank. Second Bank of the United States rec. a 20 year charter (due at end of President Jackson’s term in office) • Internal improvements: federal/state/ or private funding of roads, canals, (later RR’s) etc. • Protective tariffs: tax on imported goods to encourage purchase of American manufactured goods • Growth of federal executive & judicial power viewed with increasing distrust by southerners

25. V. Era of Good Feelings p. 267 • Foreign Affairs under Monroe: Foreign nations pose a threat to US borders • 1. Spain: accused of inciting Seminole Indians against US in Florida (1818) • Andrew Jackson seized Spanish Florida • Demand tighter control of inhabitants • Treaty granted US rights to Florida & Oregon • 2. Russia closes rich fur trading land along coast off to non-Russians • 3. Latin American revolutions had led to successful overthrow of European colonial rule but rumored Spain would try to regain these colonies in America (ex. Mexican Indep. In 1821) • Led to the Monroe Doctrine (1823) • Claimed colonization period in the Americas had ended • Warned against future European intervention • No military might to back claim

26. V. Era of Good Feelings p. 263 • Domestic Affairs: • Missouri applied for statehood as a slave holding state • Upset balance of 11 slave and 11 slave free states • Congress debated role of slavery: federal or state level decision • Missouri Compromise of 1820: maintained balance • Admitted Missouri as a slave state • Admitted Maine as a slave free state • Slavery prohibited above the 36 degree parallel Constitutional? Unconstitutional?

27. Extra Slides

28. Jeffersonian democracy JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY • Many historians look at this time period as the beginning of the true democracy. • Champion for the common man • Believed education would prepare them for participation in government….. • For now, educated should rule… • Believed National Government became too powerful during Adam’s Presidency • Kept most Federalist programs. WHY? • Washington/Adams laid a solid foundation for USA. • Pardoned those arrested with Sedition Act • Repealed the Whiskey tax • Kept Hamilton’s financial policies—BUS • Eliminated Alien Act