Understanding Air Pollution and its Impact on Humans

1. Chapter 18 Air Pollution

2. Lichens alga/fungus • some are sensitive to specific pollutants (e.g. SO2)

3. Atmosphere 1. troposphere (surface - 11mi): 78% N2, 21% O2, <1% Ar, .036% CO2, .01 - 5% H2O a) tropopause: temperature abruptly rises b) each layer ends when temp gradient reverses) 2. stratosphere (11-30 mi) 1000x less water, 1000x more O3 3O2 + UV ----> 2O3

4. 3. mesosphere (30 - 50 mi) 4. thermosphere (50 - 75 mi) 5. human impact on nutrient cycle a) we add 1/4 as much CO2 to atm as nature does b) we add 3x as much NOx (from fossil fuels, fertilizer) c) SO2 from fossil fuels

5. Air pollutants (wrong chemical in the wrong place at the wrong concentration) 1. primary pollutants: formed at surface of the earth 2. secondary pollutants: formed from reactions in troposphere 3. motor vehicles produce more pollution than any other activity

6. 6 Criteria Air Pollutants • Carbon Monoxide (CO) • Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) • Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) • Suspended Particulate Matter (aerosols) • Ozone (O3) • Lead (Pb) Know health effects of each p 438

7. Photochemical smog • a) mix of primary and secondary pollutants influenced by sunlight NOx + VOC’s + light + heat -----> O3 + aldehydes + PAN’s + HNO3 Note: formaldehyde: H - C = O I H PAN’s: peroxyacyl nitrates b) NO ---> NO2 <--- brown, so brown-air smog

8. Mechanism • surface: N2 + O2 ---> 2NO (primary) (at high temp: auto engines, boilers) 2 NO + O2 ---> 2 NO2 3 NO2 + H2O ---> 2 HNO3 + NO NO2 + UV ----> NO + O O + O2 ----> O3 O + O3 + CxHy ----> aldehydes O2 + hydrocarbons + NO2 ----> PAN’s

9. Animation Acid deposition animation. Click to view animation.

10. Photochemical oxidants • NO2, O3, PAN’s - b/c they are strong oxidizers (take electrons away) 1. common in warm, sunny climate with lots of cars - NO,NO2 concentrations increase as traffic builds and unburned hydrocarbons rise and react, in sunlight, to produce photochemical smog (peaks in afternoon)

11. Animation Formation of photochemical smog. Click to view animation.

12. Industrial Smog • Combo of SO2, H2SO4 droplets, suspended particles 2. Burning coal, oil • S + O2---> SO2 • SO2 + O2---> SO3 • SO3 + H2O---> H2SO4 • NH3 + H2SO4---> (NH4)2SO4, a particulate solid Combo of (NH4)2SO4 and soot, C, produces gray-air smog

13. Prevention Cleanup Reduce air pollution by improving energy efficiency Add lime to neutralize acidified lakes Add phosphate fertilizer to neutralize acidified lakes Reduce coal use Increase natural gas use Increase use of renewable resources Burn low-sulfur coal Remove SO2 particulates, and NOx from smokestack gases Remove Nox from motor vehicular exhaust Tax emissions of SO2

14. Temperature Inversion • Warm air mass gets trapped above cooler air mass (acts as a lid), so surface air can‘t rise and dilute pollutants in cleaner air • Early morning surface air is cool, clouds block sun so ground stays cool, upper air is warmer so there is no convection current • Tends to happen in cities located in a valley (like Los Angeles)

15. Increasing altitude Decreasing temperature Warmer air Inversion layer Cool layer Mountain Mountain Valley

16. Wind Transformation to sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3) Windborne ammonia gas and particles of cultivated soil partially neutralize acids and form dry sulfate and nitrate salts Wet acid deposition (droplets of H2SO4 and HNO3 dissolved in rain and snow) Dry acid deposition (sulfur dioxide gas and particles of sulfate and nitrate salts) Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and NO Nitric oxide (NO) Acid fog Farm Ocean Lakes in shallow soil low in limestone become acidic Lakes in deep soil high in limestone are buffered Limestone in soil buffers acid deposition Limestone is sometimes added to lakes Adding phosphate to lakes can raise pH.

17. Acid Deposition and Humans • Respiratory diseases • Toxic metal leaching • Damage to structures, especially containing calcium carbonate • Decreased visibility • Decreased productivity and profitability of fisheries, forests, and farms

18. Potential problem areas because of sensitive soils Potential problem areas because of air pollution: emissions leading to acid deposition Current problem areas (including lakes and rivers)

19. Indoor air pollution 1. sick building syndrome- def: 20% of occupants get better when they go outside (coughing, dizziness, flu-like symptons) 2. most dangerous indoor pollutants: cigarette smoke, formaldehyde, radon-222, very fine particles 3. Radon enters through cracks in foundation and openings around pipes, inhaled into lungs Reading Prong

20. Outlet vents for furnaces and dryers Open window Open window Openings around pipes Openings around pipes Cracks in wall Cracks in wall Slab joints Wood stove Cracks in floor Sump pump Clothes dryer Furnace Slab Radon-222 gas Uranium-238 Soil

21. Asbestos 1) best to wrap it 2) 1998, foam invented that binds fibers together, nontoxic, still fireproof

22. radon - 222 1) produced by radioactive decay of U - 238 2) outside diperses, indoors collects 3) radon is 55% of radiation dose in US 4) acceptable dose? 4 - 20 picocuries/L • NOTE: 1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 disintegrations/s • a 1g sample of radium has this activity 1 rad is the absorption of 10-5 joule per gram of tissue

23. Effects of air pollution on living organisms A. Humans 1. CO takes up receptor site in hemoglobin so molecule cannot transport O2 2. 1997 study by World Bank and WHO says 2.7 million people die each year from air pollution (2.2 million from indoor pollution) B. Plants 1. air pollution (esp O3) can break down waxy coating on leaves a) water loss, loss of protection from pests and frost, etc

24. Effects of air pollution on living organisms C. Aquatic life 1. acid shock = sudden runoff of highly acidic water and consequently, aluminum ions a) can kill fish and inhibit reproduction, stimulates excessive mucus clogging fish gills b) mildly eutrophic lake can turn into a clear blue oligotrophic lake c) 16,000 lakes in Norway and Sweden have no fish due to xs acidity

25. Effects of air pollution on living organisms D. Materials 1. soot and grit ---> cleaning costs a) paint, roofs b) marble statues, historic buildings c) damage to buildings = $5 billion in US

26. Natural Defense • Soil containing Ca2+, Mg2+ salts (buffering ions) can neutralize acid rain to a certain extent • Limestone, CaCO3 deposits

27. Solutions 1. Laws: Clean Air Acts of 1970, 1977, 1990 have led to federal regulations a) clean air act requires EPA to set national emission standards for toxic air pollutants (302) compounds) standards not met b) stricter car emission standards by 2002 c) required cleaner burning fuel (oxygenated) in 9 cities, including Philadelphia

28. Clean Air Act (cont) d) Clean Air Act is successful. b/w 1970 and 1997 air pollutants levels have dropped 31% e) problems with Clean Air Act of 1990 (most recent) 1) relies on cleanup not prevention 2) no tightening of emission standards for cars and light trucks 3) no restriction of fine particles 4) municipal trash incinerators get 30 year leases 5) weak incinerator emission standards

29. Market Place a) 110 power plants in 20 states may buy and sell SO2 emission rights b) SO2 credits may be sold and used in the future c) b/w 1994-1997 SO2 emissions dropped by 30% d) emission credits are also proposed for NOx

30. Particulate reduction a) Electrostatic precipitator, baghouse filter and wet scrubber are used technologies b) catalytic converter in a car’s exhaust system: 2 NO + 2 CO -- (Pt)---> N2 + CO2 c) 50% of emission control systems have been disabled (estimate) d) controls are needed for outboard motors, lawn mowers, etc e) b/w 1982 and 1993, US smog levels dropped by 8%

31. Cleaned gas Electrodes Dust discharge Dirty gas Electrostatic Precipitator