Download
1 / 42
450 likes | 826 Views
تاريخ العمارة الاسلامية. تاريخ العمارة الاسلامية. Islamic Architecture History. عصر الرسول (ص) والخلفاء الراشدين ( 6 30 - 660 م) Prophet's (r) and the four Caliphs Period. Al-Masjid an-Nabawi المسجد النبوي. 1- عصر الرسول (ص) والخلفاء الراشدين ( 6 30 - 660 م)
E N D
تاريخ العمارة الاسلامية تاريخ العمارة الاسلامية Islamic Architecture History
عصر الرسول (ص) والخلفاء الراشدين ( 630-660م) Prophet's (r) and the four Caliphs Period
Al-Masjid an-Nabawiالمسجد النبوي 1-عصر الرسول (ص) والخلفاء الراشدين ( 630-660م) Prophet's (r) and the four Caliphs Period • Prophet's Mosque is the great mosque inMedinastands on the site of a mosque built by the Prophet Muhammad next to his house and contains his tomb. • The Prophet's Mosque is thesecond holiestmosque in the world afteral-HaraminMecca • The original Mosque was built by the Prophet himself, next to the house after his Hijrah to Medina in 622 AD. • Prophet's (r) and the fourCaliphs avoid any appearance of opulence, luxury and draw the spiritual body of the mosque and the reluctance of the goods of life • Koubaa mosque is the first mosque, but the disappearance of features make the mosque of Prophet Mohammad's first mosque built in Islam in terms of architectural design and the importance
Al-Masjid an-Nabawiالمسجد النبوي • It was an open-air building with a raised platform for the reading of the Qur'an. • the mosques Building was very simple, walls build of mud and palm-tree, and ceilings made of the Jerid. Therefore the necessity that the mosque be stronger, they used the old dilapidated stone houses • The mosque campus at north , and was determined by palm trunks, and the south-eastern part for prophet living with his family • the mosque qiblah mad of brick, directed of Jerusalem, after 17 months turned to the Kaaba, • A square enclosure of 30x35 meters, the mosque was built with palm trunks and mud walls and accessed through three doors: • Bab Rahmah to the south, • Bab Jibril to the west the Prophet door • And Bab al-Nisa' to the east. opened by Umar ibn al-Khattab
Al-Masjid an-Nabawiالمسجد النبوي The mosque is built of brick and the roof covered with Jerid tiled of the brick and palm cylinders Umar ibn al-Khattab made extension at the Qibla and to make the basis of the mosque with stones in the ground, and then set up to build with brick and palm wood columns Uthman bin Affan caused a significant extension in the mosque, and replaced the brick with stones, and a cylinder of stone instead of palm wood, and widened the area of the mosque in the northern , east , west, and south and did not increase in the doors number, but increase the number of windows
Al-Masjid an-Nabawiالمسجد النبوي • The basic plan of the building has since been adopted in the building of other mosques throughout the world. • Inside, the Prophet created a shaded area to the south called the suffrah and aligned the prayer space facing north towards Jerusalem. When the qibla was changed to Mecca, the mosque was re-oriented to the south. • The mosque also served as a community center, a court, and a religious school. Seven years later (629 AD/7 AH), the mosque was doubled in size to accommodate the increasing number of Muslims. • Subsequent Islamic rulers continued to enlarge and embellish the Mosque.
Al-Masjid an-Nabawiالمسجد النبوي • Umayyad Caliph Al Waleed bin Abdul Malik 707 extend the mosque from the east and west, and the purchase the neighboring rooms, including the wives of the Prophet (r) and a number of role (to Abdul-Rahman bin Auf, and Abdullah bin Masood, and Talha bin Obaidullah, and Ammar ibn Yasser,and Abbas bin Abdul-Muttalib • He remove the old structure and built a larger one in its place, incorporating the house and tomb of the Prophet. • This mosque was 84X 100 m, with stone foundations and a teak roof خشب الصاجsupported on stone columns. • The mosque has four minarets, but Sleiman Bin Abdul Malik remove the minaret South West because it look his home, and then northern one been removed, leaving only the south-eastern minaret, which was square tower 4 m side and 29 meters high ..
Al-Masjid an-Nabawiالمسجد النبوي • The mosque walls were decorated with mosaics by Coptic and Greek craftsmen, similar to Umayyad mosques in Damascus and the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem . • The courtyard was surrounded by a gallery on four sides, with four minarets on its corners. • A mihrab topped by a small dome was built on the qibla wall. • AbbasidCaliph al-Mahdi (775-785) destroyed the northern section of al-Walid's mosque between to enlarge it further. He also added 20 doors to the mosque: eight on each of the east and west walls, and four on the north wall. • Mamluk Sultan Qala'un, a dome was erected above the house and tomb of the Prophet and an ablution fountain was built outside of Bab al-Salam and rebuilt the fourth minaret that had been destroyed earlier.
Al-Masjid an-Nabawiالمسجد النبوي • After a lightning strike destroyed much of the mosque in 1481, Sultan Qaytbay rebuilt the east, west and qibla walls. • Ottoman sultans 1517 until World War I also made their mark. Sultan Suleyman I rebuilt the western and eastern walls of the mosque and built the northeastern minaret known as al-Suleymaniyya. • He added a new mihrab (al-Ahnaf) next to the Prophet's mihrab (al-Shafi'iyyah) and placed a new dome covered in lead sheets and painted green above the Prophet's house and tomb. • Ottoman Sultan Abdulmeid I (1839-1861), entirely remodeled the mosque with the exception of the Prophet's Tomb, the three mihrabs, the minbar and the Suleymaniyya minaret.
Al-Masjid an-Nabawiالمسجد النبوي • The precinct was enlarged to include an ablution المتوضأarea to the north. The prayer hall to the south was doubled in width and covered with small domes equal in size except for domes covering the mihrab area, Bab al-Salam and the Prophet's Tomb. • The domes were decorated with Quranic verses and lines from Nahj al-Burdah, the famous poem by 13th-century Arabic poet al-Busiri. The qibla wall was covered with glazed tiles featuring Quranic calligraphy. • The floors of the prayer hall and the courtyard were paved with marble and red stones and a fifth minaret (al-Majidiyya), was built to the west of the enclosure.
Al-Masjid an-Nabawiالمسجد النبوي • Saudi Kingdom 1932, the Mosque underwent several major modifications. In 1951 King Abdul Aziz add new wings to the east and west of the prayer hall, which consisted of concrete columns with pointed arches. Older columns were reinforced with concrete and braced with copper rings at the top. • The Suleymaniyya and Majidiyya minarets were replaced by two minarets in Mamluk revival style. Two additional minarets were erected to the northeast and northwest of the mosque. A library was built along the western wall to house historic Qurans and other religious texts. • In 1973 King Faisal bin Abdul Aziz construct the temporary shelters to the west of the mosque to accommodate the growing number of worshippers and in 1981, the old mosque was surrounded by new prayer areas on these sides, enlarging five times its size.
Al-Masjid an-Nabawiالمسجد النبوي • King Fahdhas greatly increased the size of the mosque, allowing it to hold a large number of worshippers and pilgrims and adding modern comforts like air conditioning. .
Al-Masjid an-Nabawiالمسجد النبوي Mosque Architecture • the Prophet's Mosque has a rectangular plan on two floors with the Ottoman prayer hall projecting to the south. The main prayer hall occupies the entire first floor. The mosque enclosure is100times biggerthan the first mosque built by the Prophet and can accommodate more thanhalf amillion worshippers • It has a flat paved roof topped with 24 domes on square bases. Holes pierced into the base of each dome illuminate the interior. • The roof is also used for prayer during peak times, when the 24 domes slide out on metal tracks to shade areas of the roof, creating light wells for the prayer hall. • the courtyard of the Ottoman mosque is also shaded with umbrellas affixed to freestanding columns. The roof is accessed by stairs and escalators. The paved area around the mosque is also used for prayer, equipped with umbrella tents.
Al-Masjid an-Nabawiالمسجد النبوي • The north façade has three porticos, while the east, west and south façades have two. • The walls are composed of a series of windows topped by pointed arches with black and white voussoirs. • There are six peripheral minarets attached to the new extension, and four others frame the Ottoman structure. • The mosque is decorated with polychrome marble and stones. The columns are of white marble with brass capitals supporting slightly pointed arches, built of black and white stones. The column pedestals have ventilation grills that regulate the temperature inside the prayer hall.
Al-Masjid an-Nabawiالمسجد النبوي • The north façade has three porticos, while the east, west and south façades have two. • The Mosque contains the older mosque within it. The two sections can be easily distinguished: the older section has many colorful decorations and numerous small pillars; the new section is in gleaming white marble and is completely air-conditioned. • The most important feature is the green Dome of the Prophet, which rises higher amongst the white domes. This is where the tomb of the Prophet Muhammad is located; early Muslim leaders Abu Bakr and Umar ibn al-Khattab are buried in an adjacent area as well.
The At the heart of the mosque is a small area calledar-Rawdahan-Nabawiyah which extends from the tomb of the Prophet to his pulpitالمنبر. • Entrance into ar-Rawdah is not always possible as the area can accommodate only a few hundred people. Ar-Rawdah has two small gateways manned by Saudi soldiers • The green fence at the tomb of Muhammad and the pulpit is guarded The current marble pulpit was constructed by the Ottomans; the original was much smaller and made of palm tree wood. • The mosque is located in what was traditionally the center of Medina, with many hotels and old markets nearby. It is a major pilgrimage site and many people who perform the Hajj in Mecca later come to Medina to visit the mosque.
South interior wall of the new section of the Prophet's Mosque.
