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The Bible in one Year

The Bible in one Year. Biblical history. Chief purpose is to communicate a religious message, not to record events event + interpretation, events are essential Meaning of God’s intervention Parables and myths communicate religious truths, events are not exact or even thought to be real

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The Bible in one Year

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  1. The Bible in one Year

  2. Biblical history • Chief purpose is to communicate a religious message, not to record events • event + interpretation, events are essential • Meaning of God’s intervention • Parables and myths • communicate religious truths, events are not exact or even thought to be real • Judith, Job, Jonah, Cain, are literary figures • The word of God in human language • inspired dimension and human dimension

  3. Salvation History • The overriding unity of the Bible • Time is linear, unfolding, each depends on preceding, towards fulfillment • Begins with humanity’s false idea of God • Adam and Eve  Jealous overlord • Noah  capricious • Abram  wants human sacrifice • God as God • God as King • God as Father • God as Friend N.T.

  4. TA BIBLIA • The Books • Named from Byblos the Phoenician port • 1st Codex • A wide range of literature • New Testament: Letters, Gospels, Apocalyptic, Historical Epic • Old Testament: Psalms, Wisdom literature, prophets, chronicles, Poetry, etc. • Testamentum • covenant in Latin

  5. Versions • Catholic Bible • Includes the Deuterocanonical and apocryphal books • Judith, Tobit, I & II Macabees, Wisdom, Sirach (or Ecclesiasticus), Esther, Baruch and the letter of Jeremiah • Protestant and Jewish Bible • Since 90AD Palestinian Rabbis recognized Hebrew books only • Martin Luther rejects Greek (Deuterocanonical) books, c.1530AD

  6. Torah • Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers & Deuteronomy • Genesis • First 11 chapters: God’s creation of the world & early relationship with humanity • Remaining 39 chapters: Covenant with • Patriarchs: Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and Jacob’s children, (12) especially Joseph • 4 remaining books tell story of Moses, a renewed covenant and God’s bringing the Hebrew people from slavery to a new land • Ends with the death of Moses

  7. The Prophets • Story of the rise of the Kingdom of Ancient Israel after Moses • Its split into Judah (southern kingdom) & Israel (northern kingdom) after Solomon’s death • Ends with conquest by Assyria and then Babylon • The prophets are leaders throughout and a voice for God

  8. Writings • Psalms, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Proverbs, Wisdom Books, Ruth, Job • A collection of books including poetry prayers, ancient wisdom, and Jewish universalism • Philosophical books about life’s meaning • Examples found in every civilization

  9. Oral Traditions, Epic history • A living history and identity • The Bards of Ancient Greece • Iliad and Odyssey of Homer • Plymouth Rock • The birth of a nation, a chosen people • Ancient epics • 2000 BCE: Epic of Gilgamesh (Mesopotamian) • 18th century BCE: Atrahasis (Mesopotamian) • 8th to 6th century BCE: EnumaElish (Babylonian) & Iliad, ascribed to Homer (Greek) & Jaya, ascribed to Vyasa (Hindu)

  10. Oral Traditions, Epic history • Memorials • Liturgical rituals and Holy days • source of earliest written accounts • Revelation occurs in historical events • In lives of individuals, then of nation • Israel’s history not written before 1100 BCE

  11. New Testament • Jesus the Rabbi • An interpretation of our shared scriptures • Main Task • Jesus is the Messiah • Jesus is Lord • Written in less than c.200 years • Letters, Gospels, History, Apocryphal • Oral teachings for c.20years • Pauls Letters oldest part of N.T. c.50’s AD

  12. The New Testament Canon • List of books Church believes to be its Scripture, inspired by the Holy Spirit • Early Church: “canon of truth” or “rule of faith” • Decided upon after several generations • From Oral stories about Jesus, sayings • From a large body of Early Christian literature: • Letters (of Paul, John, Ignatius of Antioch, Barnabas, Clement etc.) • Gospels, creedal formulas (Shepherd of Hermas, Didache, Eph 1:3-14) • From N.T. Pretenders • Gnostic: Gospel of Thomas, Gospel of the Savior, Sayings of Jesus • Proto-Christian: Acts of Paul, gospel of Peter • Marcion (c.144) forces the question, excommunicated for rejecting O.T. and much of Luke

  13. Criteria for belonging to Canon • Apostolic author • Orthodox • Accepted by apostolic churches • Corporate inspiration • Sensusfidelium

  14. How We Interpret Scripture Where does it say that in the Bible?

  15. Principles of Interpretation • God acting in history • revelation within historical events with people rather than exploits of the gods or dreamy philosophy • All of creation speaks of Him, transcendent and personal • The Living Word of God • Jesus didn’t write a book, he founded a community and gave them the Holy Spirit (Jnch 16) • Basis to judge what books belong to the N.T. and which don’t • Apostolic Tradition, One, Holy and Catholic • Read with HS in the spirit in which was written

  16. Principles of Interpretation • Presuppositions to interpretation • History, culture, traditions, assumptions, attitudes • The Unity of the Bible • Old Testament is fulfilled in the New and the New revealed in the Old (St. Augustine) • The unity and diversity of the Bible • 2 testaments one history, factual differences, circumstances, symbolism • One (divine) author and many (human) authors • No one interpretation method is sufficient alone

  17. Text and Context • Moses the Author of the Torah? • Literary History • multiple sources combined by one redactor, documentary hypothesis • J = YHWHist, literary golden age in Judea, time of Solomon c.900 BCE, anthropomorphic God • E = Elohist, northern kingdom, c.800 BCE, distant God • D = Deuteronomnist, c. 700 BCE, Fidelity to God, law • P = Priestly, interest in laws and worship, uses Elohim for God, Mysterious and Almighty God • R = final redactor, probably a priestly tradition author

  18. The Human Dimension • The World View of the persons involved • The Culture of their time • Nomadic, Ur, and the ancient world • Political ideas • King is godlike, eg. Pharaohs • History of Salvation • Revelation is not cyclical but progresses • Step by step process adapted to human understanding

  19. The Divine Dimension • God’s message and its development • Inspiration • The inerrant saving truth • Scripture teaches not how the heavens go but how to go to heaven (Galileo) • Signs and Wonders • Through a human instrument • Exact vs. True • The meaning of Myths • The meaning of actual events

  20. Gifts of the Jews to human ideas • History is linear not infinite cycles • “Zion has fallen 6 times” (Matrix) • Seasons of the year • Futile to seek to change it • Geneologies show historical development to present • A personal God who intervenes in history • Superior to human empires and demi-gods, uses evil for good • Good because God says, demands morality • God is one, the universe is intelligible • Rejection of slavery • A day of rest

  21. Exodus Over 4 centuries after Joseph’s death

  22. Archeology and the Bible • William F. Albright et al • Discoveries of Cuneiform Tablets • http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2008/04/nebo-sarsekim-found-in-babylonian-tablet.aspx • Nova Program • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bible/program.html

  23. Wonders of Ancient Egypt • British National Museum website • http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/menu.html • Recreations of Pyramids, Monuments, and daily life • http://shop.discoveringegypt.com/ • Biblical Archeology on Exodus • http://0-www.basarchive.org.sally.sandiego.edu/bswbSearch.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=33&Issue=1&ArticleID=7&UserID=1113&

  24. Burning Bush • Exodus chapter 3 • God reveals Himself as • Mystery YHWH (Job 11:17; Is 40:28) • Savior (Exodus; 2 Sam 22:3-51) • Compassionate “I have heard the cry of my people” (Ex 33:19; Judges 2:18; Zec 7:9) • Almighty (Ps 46, Is 43:3) • Holy (Ex 30:29-36)

  25. Theophany • Fear of the Lord is Wisdom (Prov 9:10; Is 11:12) • To fear God • The day of the Lord (Is 13:6-9;Jer 46:10;1 Cor 5:5) • To listen and obey (1Sam 12:14) • to forget God is the opposite of fear (2K 17:38; Ps 9:17) • See God and Live • to see one’s face (Ex34:29) • Beatific Vision (Job 19:26; Mt 5:8; 1Cor 13:12)

  26. Covenant • Law is terms of a covenant with the Savior, a Jealous God • God is first Savior instead of Creator • One of the many gods has chosen Israel, saved them from death, so they may serve him, YHWH • Teaches wisdom, forms a nation • Given to Israel alone (Dt 7:6; Ps 147: 19-20) • A matter of life or death (Dt 30:15) • To keep the law is to know and serve God and to be blessed, righteous, wise, joyful (Ps 110) • Tablets kept in the Ark, YHWH’s presence (Ex 25:8ff) • Written by living God on Hearts (Dt. 30:11-14; Jer 31:33; Ez 36:26) • Natural law, a moral sense

  27. Genesis Pre-history Gn 1-11 Origins of the People of God Gn 12-50

  28. Creation • Verb in Genesis is used only for God’s action • Ex nihilo (not from chaos, or from water) • all of nature and Man are called from nothing. Great distance between creature and Creator in OT • both give glory to God’s power • Continuing • Israel (Jer 1:5; Dt.) Nature (Ps 104) • becoming, being and perishing all depend on God’s continual action

  29. Mesopotamian Genesis • Genesis contains numerous parallels with the older Babylonian creation epic Enumaelis (When on High) • Babylonian “science” most advanced and influential of ancient world of that time

  30. Babylonian map of the world

  31. Evolution and Creation • God creates from within • Days of Genesis, an evolving process • Must dramatically intervene twice • When non-living becomes living • When living becomes intelligent • Einstein: “Gravity cannot explain the wonder of two people falling in love” • Intelligent Design theory

  32. Text and Context • Two Creation Accounts? (P & J) • Humani Generis (Pius XII) • Nuanced position on Evolution • Polygenism condemned • John Paul II’s 1996 address to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences • Today Evolution theories “more than a hypothesis” • Ensoulement cannot come from any source but God, body may come from evolution

  33. Hebrew anthropology • Adam • Image of God • names the animals • needs a helper, companion • y-cromosomal Adam • Spencer Wells on human origins 60,000 years ago the story of genetics • Dependence on God • Man is vanity (Ps 39:; Job ch 14) • understanding, heart, wisdom and righteousness from God’s law (Ps 119) • God is Transcendent and Immanent (Dt. 5:23-33,Is 55:6-9 and Ex 34:5, Lk 12:7)

  34. Genesis Pre-history themes • Tension between harmony in created order and human Rebellion • lawlessness vs. obedience • God’s punishment makes restoration possible, • eg. Cain and Abel • Relationship with God is disrupted and hence with creation and humanity • Etiologies, answers to perennial human questions

  35. Origins of the People of God • Reconstruction begins with God’s promise • Promise to Noah (Gn ch 6-9) • land, progeny and blessing/protection • journey • Ancestral narratives (Gn chs 12-50) • Abraham “father in Faith” (Rm 4:12, Gn 15:6) • obeys call, makes peace with brother, a just warrior, takes no plunder, wealthy, clever, hospitality, gives thanks, intervenes for God’s mercy, prays and heals

  36. Origins of the People of God • Isaac and Jacob (Gen 22-32) • Jacob is clever, deceitful, persistent (Hos 12:4) • Journey transforms him • Jacob struggles with the LORD • given new name Israel • Theophany • Conversion --reconciles with Essau • Goes to Bethel on pilgrimage

  37. Blessing • “Being filled with blessings, power, good fortune” occurs over 400 times in OT • “I will be with you” (Gn 26:3) • permanent power and can transmit it • to son given only once & cannot be revoked (Gn 48:15) • God is source • first thing he does to man (Gn 1:28) • can change curse into blessing (Dt 23:5)

  38. The Joseph Story • Contains numerous allusions to Egyptian stories, customs, words and attitudes • Anubis and Bata like Joseph and Potiphar • Continues Genesis theme of divine promise and protection for the leader who trusts in YHWH • God is with Him in slavery • Hyksos rule Egypt c.1700-1550BCE

  39. The Joseph Story (cont.) • Joseph’s slavery and imprisonment lasted 13 years (37:2-3) • I Fear God • (42:18; 22:12; Dt 25:18; Ex 18:21 & Acts 13:16) • God sent me before you… 45:4ff • Beginnings of resentment against the Hebrews (Gen 47:23-26)

  40. Joshua and Judges The Occupation of The Holy Land

  41. God Forms a Nation • YHWH source of all justice/ righteousness, judge (Ps 99) • Born of Exodus Liberation from slavery so Israel may serve him • Law establishes justice in hearts and among the people • Evolution of Social order • Clan property of Israel modeled after nomadic society • God establishes a nation, gives a law, a king and a land • Live among other nations with Private property • Canaanites, Jebusites, Philistines, etc. • Conquests and trade give rise to private property among people of God • King becomes largest landowner • Split between rich and poor • Day laborers, slaves

  42. The Holy Land • The Promised Land, flowing with milk and honey (Dt. 11:17) • Where if faithful the Lord makes fruitful, brings rain and plenty • Where God will protect them (Dt 12:10) • Given to ALL the people of Israel (Jos 18:1-10) • On condition • If ye oppress not the stranger, the fatherless, and the widow, and shed not innocent blood in this place, neither walk after other gods to your hurt: Then will I cause you to dwell in this place, in the land that I gave to your fathers, for ever and ever. (Jer 7:6-7) “There will be no poor among you” (Dt. 15:4)

  43. Holy Land • They are stewards, land ultimately belongs to the Lord, and its fruits (Lv 27:30; Os 9:3; Ps 85) • Sanctuary & Levites due portion of fruits (Ez 45:4) • Leave gleanings for the Poor (Lv 19:9-10) • May feed any passer by (Dt 23:25-26) • Annual tithe (Lv 27:30)

  44. Cycle of Judges • People turn away from Lord and serve other gods • Lord becomes angry and allows them to be oppressed • Lord raises up judges to deliver them • After the judge dies, the people again turn to evil and the cycle begins again • Heros/Judges arise • Ehud, Deborah & Barak, Gideon, Samson (Judges ch 13-14) etc.

  45. 1 & 2 Samuel • Context: life and death struggle with Philistines • Transition to Nation with Monarch • challenge to Self understanding, religion and tribal system of Israel • The Judge/prophet Samuel anoints the Kings, Saul and David and dismisses Saul • David(ch 16) as the model king contrasted with Saul (c.1000 BC) • Faith (Goliath ch 17), Musical, obedience warrior, clever (21:12; ch 27), loyal, pure heart (ch 24), ark, Temple (2Sam 7), Absalom (2Sam 13)

  46. The Dual Monarchy • Men of Judah anoint David king of Judah (2S 2:4) • Elders of Israel anoint David king of all Israel (2S 5:3-5) • Two States one sovereign (eg. 2S 11:11; 1K 1:35) Is 8:14 “The 2 houses of Israel” • David’s short lived empire with conquered vassals (2S 8:1-14) Edomites, Moabites, Ammonites, etc. • Until 1993 discovery of a 9thc. stella with the inscription “the house of David” there was no evidence David ever existed. Few dispute it today.

  47. David • God Judges by the heart (1 Sam 16:7) • Anointed, but for what purpose? • Friendship with Jonathan (1 Sam 18:1) • Musical, a harmony of soul • Dances before the ark (2 Sam 6:14) • Trusts in the Lord and therefore instrument of his power • Goliath, Saul, Nabel • Victorious warrior, completes the conquest of Cana

  48. David • Clever, feigns madness (1Sam 21:13; Ps 34) • Raids Judah’s enemies from Philistine refuge and tells King of Gath he was raiding Judah • Sins with Bathsheba (2 Sam 11:3ff; Ps 51) • Troubled by revolution, Forgiving • Absalom (2 Sam 13:28ff & 15:13; 18:5 ff) • Temple, seeks right worship for YHWH • Unifies people in one Temple one capital

  49. The Temple of Solomon • Solomon builds palace compound and Temple • Takes 13yrs (1K ch 7) • Glory of the Lord fills the Temple (1K 8:10) • Solomon doubts it can hold YHWH (1K 8:27) • His name dwells there, footstool (Ps 99:5; Is 66:1) • Pray there for forgiveness of sins of Israel • Yom Kippur, Day of Atonement (Lev. 16) • Rain, famine, plague, war • Lord Agrees to dwell there (1K 9:3; Ps 48) • Holy of Holies (Lev 16:2; Ps 42) • Paul arrested because violates holiness of temple (Acts 21:28) • Prefigures Christ Hebrews ch 9

  50. The Temple at the time of Jesus

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