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Chapter Fifteen

Chapter Fifteen. Developing Arguments for the Persuasive Speech. Chapter Fifteen. Table of Contents What is an Argument? Variations in Argument: Types of Claims, Evidence, and Warrants Refining the Argument Fallacies in Reasoning: The Pitfalls in Arguing*. What is an Argument?.

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Chapter Fifteen

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  1. Chapter Fifteen Developing Arguments for the Persuasive Speech

  2. Chapter Fifteen Table of Contents • What is an Argument? • Variations in Argument: Types of Claims, Evidence, and Warrants • Refining the Argument • Fallacies in Reasoning: The Pitfalls in Arguing*

  3. What is an Argument? • Argument- a stated position with support, for or against an idea or issue.*

  4. What is an Argument? • Stating a Claim • Providing Evidence • Giving Warrants*

  5. What is an Argument?:Stating a Claim • Claim- also called a proposition; declares some state of affairs, often stated as a thesis statement. • Answers the question, “what are you trying to prove?”*

  6. What is an Argument?:Providing Evidence • Evidence- material that provides grounds for belief in a claim. • statistics • testimony • facts • examples • narratives*

  7. What is an Argument?:Giving Warrants • Warrant- a statement that provides the logical connection between some evidence and a claim. • Write down the claim. • List each possible piece of evidence you have in support of the claim. • Write down the corresponding warrants that link the evidence to the claim.*

  8. Variations in Argument: Types of Claims, Evidence, and Warrants • Types of Claims • Types of Evidence • Types of Warrants*

  9. Variations in Argument:Types of Claims • Claims of fact- focus on conditions that actually exist, existed, or will exist in the future. • Speculative claims- probable answers to questions for which no answers exist. • Claims of value- addressing issues of judgement. • Claims of policy- recommend a specific course of action to be taken.*

  10. Variations in Argument:Types of Evidence • Audience Knowledge and Opinions • Speaker Knowledge and Opinions • External Evidence • Tests of Evidence • relevance • timeliness • source credibility*

  11. Motivational warrants- use the needs, desires, emotions, and values of audience. Authoritative warrants- rely on an audience’s beliefs about the credibility or acceptability of a source of evidence. Substantive warrants- operate on the basis of an audience’s beliefs about the reliability of factual evidence. Warrants by cause- offer a cause and effect relationship as proof for a claim.* Variations in Argument:Types of Warrants

  12. Warrants by sign- infer that such a close relationship exists between two variables that the presence or action of one may be taken as the presence or action of the other. Warrants by analogy- compare two similar cases and infer that what is true in one is true in the other.* Variations in Argument:Types of Warrants

  13. Refining the Argument • All attempts at persuasion are subject to counter-persuasion. • Inoculation effect- by anticipating counter-arguments and then addressing or rebutting them, you can “inoculate” your listeners against the “virus” of the viewpoints.*

  14. Fallacies in Reasoning: The Pitfalls of Arguing • Fallacy- a false or erroneous statement, or an invalid or deceptive line of reasoning. • Avoid making them in your speeches.*

  15. Fallacies in Reasoning: The Pitfalls of Arguing • Begging the Question • Bandwagoning • Overgeneralization • Ad Hominem Argument*

  16. Fallacies in Reasoning:Begging the Question • Stating in an impressive sounding way a claim that really has no substance at all.*

  17. Fallacies in Reasoning:Bandwagoning • Assigning a claim greater substance by making it appear more popular than it really is.

  18. Fallacies in Reasoning:Overgeneralization • Attempts to support a claim by asserting that a particular piece of evidence is true for all persons concerned.*

  19. Fallacies in Reasoning:Ad Hominem Argument • Attacking an opponent instead of the opponent’s argument. • Attempting to incite an audience’s dislike for an opponent.*

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