The Reading Public and the Rise of the Novel

1. The Reading Public and the Rise of the Novel Ian Watt Presented by Roberta Wolfson

2. Overview • Driving question of the chapter: What conditions accompanied the rise of the novel in the 18th century? • Two main points of analysis: • The 18th century reading public. • Changes in the nature of literary publication.

3. The 18th c. Reading Public • Reasons why the reading public remained relatively small compared to modern standards: • Limited literacy. • Economic challenges. • Non-circulating libraries – a possible solution? • Logistical difficulties. • Social stigma.

4. Subgroups of the Reading Public • Women. • Apprentices and household servants. • An increasingly dominant middle class. • Watt attributes the rise of the novel largely to the “great power and self-confidence of the middle class as a whole” (59).

5. The 18th c. Booksellers • Booksellers vs. patrons. • Commercialization of the publishing business. • Literary changes that resulted from the commercialization of writing.

6. The Age of Authors • Samuel Johnson referred to the 18th century in The Adventurer (1753-4) as “the Age of Authors,” since people of all abilities, educations, and professions published works. • Can we compare the Age of Authors to the present-day Age of Information, when people of all professions, ages, backgrounds, etc. can post information on the Internet? If so, what might an analogy between the rise of the novel in the 18th c. and the rise of digital media in the 21st c. inform us about the reading public of the 18th c.?

7. The Rise of the Novel – an Event in the History of Mediation? • Siskin and Warner, in their Introduction to This is Enlightenment, propose a history of mediation that spanned from roughly 1450 to the 20th c., during which changes in media defined social and intellectual thought. They argue that the Enlightenment was one such event in this history of mediation. • Can the Age of Authors be viewed as an event in the history of mediation? If the evolution of media has changed the way people think, and if we choose to view the novel as another step in the evolution of media, then could the novel have changed the way people think? If so, how?

8. A Latourian Reading of the 18th c. Novel • The agential role of objects (i.e. objects as actors): • “It is always things—and I now mean this last word literally—which, in practice, lend their ‘steely’ quality to the hapless ‘society’” (Latour 68). • “If you can, with a straight face, maintain that hitting a nail with and without a hammer, boiling water with and without a kettle, fetching provisions with or without a basket, walking in the street with or without clothes, zapping a TV with or without a remote, slowing down a car with or without a speed-bump, keeping track of your inventory with or without a list, running a company with or without bookkeeping, are exactly the same activities, that the introduction of these mundane implements change ‘nothing important’ to the real- ization of the tasks, then you are ready to transmigrate to the Far Land of the Social and disappear from this lowly one. For all the other members of society, it does make a difference under trials and so these implements, according to our definition, are actors, or more precisely, participants in the course of action waiting to be given a figuration” (71).

9. A Latourian reading (cont’d) • “what is new is that objects are suddenly highlighted not only as being full-blown actors, but also as what explains the contrasted landscape we started with, the over- arching powers of society, the huge asymmetries, the crushing exercise of power” (72). • Considering the novel’s profound effect on 18th c. society, could we view the novel as an object of agency, an actor in a sociology of associations? In other words, could (or should) we think of the novel as an object with social power in the Latouriansense? As an agential object, in what ways could the novel have shaped and influenced 18th c. society?

10. Questions • Can we compare the Age of Authors to the present-day Age of Information, when people of all professions, ages, backgrounds, etc. can post information to the Internet? If so, what might an analogy between the rise of the novel in the 18th c. and the rise of digital media in the 21st c. inform us about the reading public of the 18th c.? • Can the Age of Authors be viewed as an event in the history of mediation? If the evolution of media has changed the way people think, and if we choose to view the novel as another step in the evolution of media, then could the novel have changed the way people think? If so, how? • Considering the novel’s profound effect on 18th c. society, could we view the novel as an object of agency, an actor in a sociology of associations? In other words, could (or should) we think of the novel as an object with social power in the Latourian sense? As an agential object, in what ways could the novel have shaped and influenced 18th c. society?