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Understanding Nerve Impulses: Neuron Function & Communication

Learn about the functional properties of neurons, how nerve impulses are generated and transmitted, and the communication between neurons through action potentials and synapses. Explore the steps involved in a nerve impulse and the importance of conductivity in neural communication. Discover the process of neurotransmitter release and chemical transmission of action potentials.

jenniegarrett
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Understanding Nerve Impulses: Neuron Function & Communication

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  1. Nerve Impulse

  2. 2 Functional Properties of Neurons 1. Irritability • Ability to respond to stimuli 2. Conductivity • Ability to transmit an impulse

  3. How neurons communicate Action Potential • electrical signal that travels on the membrane of a neuron • based on movements of ions between the outside and inside of the cell

  4. Steps to a Nerve Impulse • Polarized: Resting neuron • Inside membrane is slightly – • Outside membrane is slightly + • Most membrane channels are closed, there is some normal diffusion of K+ or Na+ between cell and the environment through the sodium/potassium pump (active transport) Stimulus Occurs: • Depolarization: Active Neuron • Sodium (Na+) channels open allowing Na+ to diffuse into the cell quickly • This causes the inside to becomes more + (outside -) • Repolarize: Normalizing • K+ gates open in order to allow K+ to diffuse out of the cell – this restores the membrane (+ outside, - inside)

  5. Nerve Impulses Figure 7.9a–b

  6. If the stimulus reaches threshold then an action potential is started in the neuron and will travel down the membrane (This is called a nerve impulse) This is the ALL or NONE PRINCIPLE.

  7. Nerve Impulses Figure 7.9c–d

  8. Nerve Impulses • Refractory Period • K+ must be moved back to the inside of the cell and Na+ must be pumped out of the cell in order to prepare for the next impulse • The sodium-potassium pump ( a membrane channel), using ATP, restores the original configuration

  9. Nerve Impulses Figure 7.9e–f

  10. Simple Video showing Action Potential • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifD1YG07fB8 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7EyhsOewnH4 • http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations/actionpotential_short.swf Long, but good explanation of Action Potential • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-6t_n6kTj1A

  11. Transmission of a Signal at Synapses • Impulses are able to cross the synapse to another nerve • Neurotransmitter is released from a presynaptic nerve’s axon terminal http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120068/bio02.swf::Endocytosis%20and%20Exocytosis • The dendrite of the next neuron has receptors that are stimulated by the neurotransmitter • An action potential is started in the post-synaptic dendrite

  12. Chemical Transmission of Acion Potential

  13. Reflex Arc

  14. Practice:Describe what is happening in each picture

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