Panel 7: Nationalism, Ethnicity, And Political Reform Thursday, April 20 th (9:30-10:45am)

1. 13th Symposium on Development and Social Transformation Panel 7: Nationalism, Ethnicity, And Political ReformThursday, April 20th (9:30-10:45am)

2. 13th Symposium on Development and Social Transformation Panel 7: Nationalism, Ethnicity, And Political Reform European IdentityAleksandra Pastor

3. EUROPEAN IDENTITY United in Diversity by Aleksandra Pastor Spring 2006

4. ‘Identity’ by definition • According to Miriam Webster Dictionary: • the state of being exactly alike • the set of qualities that make a person different from other people • In the sociology and political science: • the notion of individuals' labeling themselves as members of particular groups -- such as nation, social class, subculture, ethnicity, gender, employment…

5. ‘Identity’ in theory • people tend to have multiple identities • identity can be defined only as a dynamic feature which changes (over the time) ( Smith, 1991; Hobsbowm, 1983; Anderson 1983; Jacobs and Maier, 1998; Zagar, 2001)

6. EU 25 – as of May 1st 2004

7. Why it matters? • Factor of progress in the European integration project • policy makers interested in designing policies to promote a European identity • An explanation tool for successes and failures of particular EU initiatives

8. What do Europeans have in common? • Geography… • Where are European borders? • History… • Language… • EU recognizes 20 official and 60 indigenous languages • Culture… • Whose culture?

9. Statistics from 1996… Source: Europinion No 8 - Table 10: EUROPEAN AND NATIONAL IDENTITY (% by country) 

10. ‘It is this huge cultural diversity that gives Europeans their European identity.’ Jean-Claude Trichet, President of the European Central Bank, Maastricht, September 10, 2004

11. Symbols of EU identity • Flag • Anthem • Single currency • EU citizenship However…

12. for different reasons, the Euro is not adopted as a currency in some EU countries there is no agreement in which language the text of the anthem should be… the flag…

13. European citizenship • In theory… • the idea of citizenship is not related to the national identity (Lehning, 1993) • In practice… • Treaty of European Union, 1992 / Article 17: “Every person holding the nationality of a Member State shall be a citizen of the Union. Citizenship of the Union shall complement and not replace national citizenship.” Source: Standard Eurobarometer No 45, 1996 

14. European citizenship in numbers – 2002 / EU 15

15. Instead of conclusion ‘Europe has never existed. It is not the addition of sovereign nations met together in councils that makes an entity of them. One must genuinely create Europe.’ • Jean Monet, 1950

16. 13th Symposium on Development and Social Transformation Panel 7: Nationalism, Ethnicity, And Political Reform Discrimination In Latin AmericaOlinda Caycho

17. Discrimination of Indigenous population in Latin America

18. Who are the indigenous? • Pre-Colombian civilization: Mayas and Aztecas (Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras) and the Incas (Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador) • During Spanish colonization indigenous were not eliminated but were reduced as slaves and servants. • Indies were displaced from their lands and served as labor in the mining extraction. • Spanish considered Indigenous an inferior race and marginalized them.

19. Who are the indigenous? • The independence from Spanish crown did not change indigenous marginalization. • States were governed by a white minority – oligarchy. • The Hacienda system. • Agrarian reforms in the 1960’s was an attempt to make ownership of land more equitable.

20. Latin American countries with the largest Indigenous population • Bolivia: 62% of population (about 3.9 million) • Ecuador: 25% of population (about 3.3 million) • Guatemala: 39% of population. • Mexico: 11% of the households. • Peru: Between 25 to 48% of the households. • Indigenous people usually speak native language different from Spanish.

21. Poverty and economic and social well-being are clearly related to ethnicity • Indigenous are more likely to be poor than any other ethnic group. • Indigenous people have fewer years of education. • Much of the indigenous population lives in rural areas, where the incomes are significantly less. • The indigenous population have less access to formal sector work.

22. Poverty and economic and social well-being are clearly related to ethnicity • Child labor are predominantly male, rural, uneducated, and indigenous, who work in the informal sector. • Indigenous people, especially women and children have less access to basic health services. • Half of indigenous households have access to drinking water and few have access to sewage facilities. • Some poverty-targeted programs reach indigenous people; others do not.

23. Why does discrimination against indigenous people still persist? • The political and social order inherited from colonialism. • Centralization of states and public institutions • The relatively new democratic systems in Latin America. • Long process for formation of indigenous identity and indigenous movements.

24. What should be done to improve indigenous conditions? • Awareness from the rest of the society. • The consolidation of indigenous identity. • Political representation and participation. • Decentralization of social policies, more accountability. • Bilingual and bicultural education. • Equal opportunities for health and basic services.

25. 13th Symposium on Development and Social Transformation Panel 7: Nationalism, Ethnicity, And Political Reform Review Of The Romanian National Council For Combating DiscriminationMarius Jitea

26. Non-discrimination affirmative actions in Romania Legislative European (EU and CoE) and Romanian legal framework Institutional National Council for Combating Discrimination Marius Jitea Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs PPA 755 – Public Administration and Democracy

27. What is “discrimination” EU perspective • direct discrimination • indirect discrimination, • harassment, • instruction to discriminate, AND Romanian legal frame • “ Any differentiation, exclusion, restriction or preference on the basis of race, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, social category, believes, sex or sexual orientation, age, handicap, chronicle disease, AIDS/HIV, which has as effects limitations or restriction of human rights and fundamental freedoms, of rights given by Constitution, in the political, economical, social, cultural or any other field of the public life”

28. European institutional framework EU - 25+2 Member states • Directive (2000/43/EC)-the Racial Equality, • Directive (2000/78/EC), Council of Europe - 46 European country member states • Article 14 of European Convention on Human Rights, European Commission against Racism an Intolerance www.ecri.coe.int General Policy Recommendations (1 to 9) http://www.coe.int/t/e/human_rights/ecri/4-Publications/#P630_7159

29. Romanian legal framework • Romanian Constitution Chapter II - Fundamental rights and freedoms, http://www.presidency.ro/?_RID=htm&id=16 • Governmental Ordinance 137/2000 for preventing and sanctioning all forms of discrimination • Governmental Decision 1194/2001, which provides the legal frame for the creation of National Council for Combating Discrimination, www.cncd.org.ro

30. National Council for Combating Discrimination- NCCD - www.cncd.org.ro Mission: • To promote and protect the rights envisaged by the anti-discrimination legal framework in Romania; • To inform and train about the importance of non-discrimination legal framework state provide to its citizens; • To investigate and sanction discrimination acts.

31. National Council for Combating Discrimination- NCCD - www.cncd.org.ro • Analysis goes through NCCD: - independence; - visibility; - assisting discrimination victims;

32. National Council for Combating Discrimination- NCCD - www.cncd.org.ro INDEPENDENCE Structure: • President of NCCD – member of the Steering Board; • Steering Board – 7 members appointed by Prime Minister Decision; • Can take decisions/regulate when at least 4 members are attending Steering Board meetings; • NCCD is an independent structure, fully financed by the state budget; Activities are implementing according with its three core functions: • preventions; • mediation; • sanctions.

33. National Council for Combating Discrimination- NCCD - www.cncd.org.ro VIZIBILITY In 2005: - received 382 complains and auto-denounced in 74 cases; Complains where based on: Auto- denounces: - Social discrimination – 90 - Ethnic discrimination - 26 • Ethnic discrimination – 85 - Gender discrimination - 15 • Sexual orientation – 9 - Nationality - 8 • Disability - 21 - Age - 5 • Self – consciousness - 19 - Social discrimination - 4 • Age – 17 • Religion – 11 • HIV/AIDS – 10 - Gender - 9 • Nationality – 39

34. National Council for Combating Discrimination- NCCD - www.cncd.org.roVIZIBILITY

35. National Council for Combating Discrimination- NCCD - www.cncd.org.roVIZIBILITY

36. National Council for Combating Discrimination- NCCD - www.cncd.org.ro ASSISTING VICTIMS OF DISCRIMINATIONS 2006 - 3 national campaigns to promote anti-discrimination in sports 2005 – 60 cases with penalties: - in written first notifications - financial penalty – each 1200 USD - 22 cases reached an agreement through mediation • 8 national Campaigns broadly advertised to raise awareness about anti-discrimination; 2004 – 28 cases mediated • Since 2004 based on NCCD initiative, the National Alliance Against Discrimination was formed bringing together 77 NGOs with projects/programs in the filed of anti-discrimination policy implementation; • Part of EU – wide campaign “For Diversity. Against Discrimination”

37. National Council for Combating Discrimination- NCCD - www.cncd.org.ro CONCLUSIONS: • Whilst the legal frame its consistent, it should give to NCCD more independency; • Steering Board even it has proven its efficiency, should be enlarged with two new members, due to the different discrimination forms arose in the past two years; • A new appointment procedure for the Steering Board members, by involving the other state authorities representatives( Presidency, Senate and the Chamber of Deputies); • Regional offices for NCCD for a decrease in its budget expenditures; • Clearer norms for avoiding the overlapping with the Courts procedures when it comes to analyzing and judging discrimination cases

38. 13th Symposium on Development and Social Transformation Panel 7: Nationalism, Ethnicity, And Political Reform Why Was The Process Of Decentralization Heterogeneous In Spain?Lidia Villalba

39. Process of Decentralization in Spain Lidia Villalba April 2006

40. Overview • Why do tensions persist in Spanish decentralization? • Diversity and identity • The Constitution of 1979 • Territorial organization • Heterogeneous administrative decentralization • Asymmetrical fiscal system • Political Bargaining

41. 1. Diversity • Manifested by different customs, languages, economic conditions and political and administrative preferences . • Articulated through the identification of dual identity or compound nationality.

42. 2. An ambiguous Constitution • Constitution approved in 12/ 1978 • Circumstances to be considered: • Young democratic government elected in 1977: • Adolfo Suarez new Prime Minister • Broad range of political parties in Parliament • Relevant historical events contributed to weak political circumstances: • 1936-1939: Civil War • 1939-1975: Authoritarian regime under Francisco Franco. • Highly centralized administration & unitary state with little autonomy for the historical regions • 1975-1977: Transition government

43. 2. An ambiguous Constitution • Outcome 1: • Non defined territorial organization • Formation of 17 Autonomous Communities between 1979 and 1983

44. 2. An ambiguous Constitution • Outcome 2: heterogeneous administrative organization • Constitution defined: • Powers exclusive and explicit to the State • List of powers from which the ACs could choose from (“A la carte autonomy”) • However, establishment of two routes towards autonomy: • Ten regions adopted the ”Slow way” • Less historical background as independent regions • Could assume competencies only after 5 years • Seven regions adopted the “Fast way”: • Could assume competencies immediately

45. 2. An ambiguous Constitution • Outcome 3: Asymmetrical financial system. Why? • Recognition in the Constitution of historical and privileged rights for the Foral ACs: Basque Country & Navarre • Implications: coexistence of two financial systems: • Foral ACs: • Maximum level of taxation autonomy • The ACs collect all taxes • Common system ACs • Lower degree of taxation autonomy • The central government collects most taxes

46. 3. Political Bargaining • What leads to political bargaining? • Lack of a Senate • Regional issues are agreed in the Sectoral Conferences (meeting of Presidents) • Regions have the capacity to include their demands for further autonomy because of: • Request for harmonization (especially fiscal) • Keep their distinguished differences • Political power derived from • Coalition between regional and national party • Result: the regional question has been highly politicized and is product of bargaining & competition

47. THANKS!

48. 13th Symposium on Development and Social Transformation Panel 7: Nationalism, Ethnicity, And Political Reform Thursday, April 20th (9:30-10:45am)