Problematising ‘Africa Rising’ as a Bandwagon Gets Rolling

1. Dr Martin Scott University of East Anglia Problematising ‘Africa Rising’ as a Bandwagon Gets Rolling

2. Dr Martin Scott University of East Anglia The terrible irony of research into media coverage of Africa

3. Claims about media coverage of Africa Much of what the American people know of Africa is derived from the negative and misguided images of Africa portrayed in the American mass news media. These images usually portray Africa as a crocodile-infested dark continent (Ebo 1992:15).

4. Claims about media coverage of Africa Assumptions • Western media coverage of Africa • Dominated by television news and charitable appeals • Has a direct and large scale effect on public attitudes • Focuses disproportionately on suffering / ‘negative’ coverage

5. Claims about media coverage of Africa 1. Unproven • Based on assertion, anecdote, misinterpretation, imprecise criteria and subjective analysis. Contrary evidence ignored. 2. Consequences • Audiences • Producers • Academics

6. Claims about media coverage of Africa Methodology • Interviews with 20 journalists and editors from all major UK broadcasters • 2 stages of FGs and a diary study • Content analyses of UK television (and newspapers) in 2007 and 2010 • Un-systematic review of literature

7. UNPROVEN Western media coverage of Africa focuses disproportionately on suffering / negative coverage

8. Unproven: ‘Negative’ coverage Assertion When mainstream media frames Africa, three topics come up again and again: AIDS, AIDS, and AIDS. The relentless focus on AIDS plays into the framework of helplessness associated with the continent (Eko 2003).

9. Unproven: ‘Negative’ coverage Assertion ‘Historical background that might reveal the link between Western policies and tragic events... are usually left out of reports about Africa (Ebo 1992)’. (Wall 2007).

10. Unproven: ‘Negative’ coverage Anecdotes and extreme examples ‘Research on news images of Africa consistently confirms that the region is portrayed as backward and violent, with warring tribes and extreme poverty’ (Moeller 1999)’ (Wall 2009).

11. Unproven: ‘Negative’ coverage Misrepresentation of evidence Coverage was generally limited to disasters, bizarre events or visits by prominent westerners (DFID 2000:1).

12. Unproven: ‘Negative’ coverage Misrepresentation of evidence [The results of the Viewing the World report] showed that coverage [of Africa] was usually related to famine, war, terrorism and catastrophes’ (Franks 2005).

13. Unproven: ‘Negative’ coverage Imprecise criteria The conclusion that the majority of stories about African nations focused on ‘negative’ issues is consistent with previous studies that claim that the majority of news from the Third World usually focuses on negative news (Golan 2008) .

14. Unproven: ‘Negative’ coverage Ignoring evidence to the contrary Coverage of Africa is not as marginalised, negative or trivial as it is often accused of being (Scott 2009).

15. Unproven: ‘Negative’ coverage Ignoring evidence to the contrary The dominant perspective on the representation of Africa in the western media claims that western media coverage is bias and crisis orientated and the liberal perspective claims that the coverage of Africa is not as negative as is often assumed (Ogunyemi 2011).

16. CONSEQUENCES Western media coverage of Africa focuses disproportionately on suffering / negative coverage

17. Problematic: ‘Negative’ coverage The consequences for audiences: Fuelling indifference • I try and avoid those sorts of programmes personally. • It’s really irritating, it’s like ‘oh come on more kids with flies’… • I don’t want to watch all this. To me it just puts me off… • And it seems a long way away (Norwich 1C).

18. Problematic: ‘Negative’ coverage Consequences for media producers: Simplifying understandings and obstructing debate For whatever reason we under-report some of the good things that are going on. It’s a real issue, certainly in relation to Africa, when you’re only ever seeing starving people or people with AIDS and you never see the success stories.... [But] how do you then translate that into changing the daily decisions that news editors make about what gets in the news? I think intellectually you could make a very strong argument... but to change behaviour is quite tough.

19. Problematic: ‘Negative’ coverage Consequences for academics: Simplifying understandings and obstructing debate • Undermine our credibility • Implicate us in the consequences discussed here. • Failure to understand emerging narratives

20. The terrible irony The falsification of Africa occurs through the distortion of news events, the untrue statements about Africa repeated as fact and when biased interpretations are interwoven into news reports (Asante 2013).