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Systematics

Systematics. Eudicot (primitive dicot) Order: Ranunculales Family: Ranunculaceae. Phylogramm: APG II (2003) . Systematics. More rhizomatous genera in the neighborhood: Ranunculaceae: Aconitum, Hydrastis, Helleborus Berberidaceae: Podophyllum.

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Systematics

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  1. Systematics • Eudicot (primitive dicot) • Order: Ranunculales • Family: Ranunculaceae Phylogramm: APG II (2003)

  2. Systematics • More rhizomatous genera in the neighborhood: • Ranunculaceae: Aconitum, Hydrastis, Helleborus • Berberidaceae: Podophyllum Stevens PF (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9

  3. Taxonomy • English: • cohosh = rough in Algonquian Indian [1] • Also: bugsbane, fairy candles, black snakeroot • Latin: • Morphological differencesCimicifuga racemosa (L.) NUTT. (1818-1998) • Back to Actaea racemosa (L.) basing on molecular data [2] [1]: http://altmed.creighton.edu/blackcohosh [2] Compton et al. (1998a,b)

  4. Distribution • indigenous to the US • cultivation in Europe Map source: http://plants.usda.gov

  5. Another distribution… • Actaea arizonica (S. Watson) J. Compton • USDA lists four other Actaea species Map source: http://plants.usda.gov

  6. Propagation • Prefers rich, shadowy places • Traditionally wild-harvested • Estimated market demand (2003) 500,000 lb [1] • Seed propagation of mature plants (3-4 years old, warm and cold period necessary to break dormancy [2]) • Evaluation of propagation by rhizomes [3] [1] Predny et al. (2006) [2] Baskin & Baskin (1985) [3] McCoy (2007)

  7. In vitro propagation • Somatic embryogenesis from hypocotyl [1] • leaf-derived callus and its regeneration [2] [1] Pinker & Schenk (2008) [2] Lata et al. (2002)

  8. Rhizome • perennial herb up to 6‘ • rhizome development advances with age • rough,dark brown surface, length up to 6‘‘, width up to 1‘‘, upper side scarred • roots < 3 mm (width), dark reddish brown Photos: black cohosh plants grown for the rhizome project, pictures taken at the age of ca. 12 months (June 2009, propagated from rhizome cuttings)

  9. A. racemosaA. podocarpa A. rubra A. simplex Rhizome anatomy Applequist (2003)

  10. Some phytochemistry • Triterpenoids - cycloartanes 27-deoxyactein acteaepoxide-3-O-ß-D-xylopyranoside

  11. More phytochemistry • Uncommon hydroxycinnamic acid esters of piscidic and fukiic acids fukinolic acid cimicifugic acid F Kruse et al. (1999), Jiang et al. (2008)

  12. Uncertain phytochemistry • Ambiguity persists regarding the occurrence of the isoflavonoid formononetin YES: Jarry et al. (1985) Panossian et al. (2004) NO: Jiang et al. (2006) Kennelly et al. (2002)

  13. Medicinal use • Indians: antidote against snake bites and poison, treatment of sore throat, rheumatic pain, kidney problems, malaria, female reproductive ailments, nervine etc. • Early colonial usage: similarly wide spectrum. Lydia Pinkham‘s legendary „vegetable compound“ also contained black cohosh • Also as insect repellent (= bugsbane) [1] Foster (2000), Missouri Botanical Garden (2002) @ www.mobot.org

  14. Medicinal use • Current status: alternative to hormone substitution therapy (alleviation of climacterial complaints) • Standardized triterpenoid content (27-deoxyactein) • Clinical evidence: numerous trials, conflicting reports on efficacy. More trials necessary [1]. • Hepatotoxicity reported  USP decides to include a cautionary statement into labeling [2] [1] Palacio et al. (2009) or Borrelli & Ernst (2008) [2] Mahady et al. (2008)

  15. Medicinal use - TCM • Sheng Ma – C. foetida and related spp. C. heracleifolia, C. foetida, C. simplex, C. dahurica • Acts on the spleen, lung, large intestin and stomach meridians • The action resolves surface, promotes eruptions, removes toxic heat. It elevates Yang and lifts Qi [1] http://www.tcmtreatment.com/herbs/0-shengma.htm and http://www.tcmbasics.com/materiamedica/rhizoma_cimicifugae.htm

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