Unit 1: Beginnings of Civilization (4 million B.C.-200 B.C.)

1. Unit 1: Beginnings of Civilization(4 million B.C.-200 B.C.) Ch.1 Peopling of the World Mr. Seiberg

2. Journal Entry:Early Civilizations • What do you think of when you think of early civilizations? • As humans what do we need to survive? • How does the environment impact the way people live? • For the next 3 minutes try to answer these questions and tell me anything you can think of about Early Civilizations!

3. Main Ideas • Early Humans spread out all over the world! • Learned to adapt to new environments • Discovery of the uses of natural resources • Ideas and Inventions improved quality of life • Early Humans: Hunted animals and gathered plant foods

4. How do we know about early humans? • No written documents that long ago!!! • Use bones and artifacts that provide clues on how they lived. • Bones- provide info on appearances, diseases, and life expectancy • Artifacts- Human-made objects such as tools and jewelry found during the digs that provide hints on how people lived in the past.

5. Professions of Discovery • Archaeologists- work like detectives by digging through the dirt to uncover bones and artifacts that reveal information from past cultures.

6. Anthropologists- Study culture to paint a picture of the way groups of people lived using the artifacts that archaeologists discover.

7. Paleontologists- study fossils- evidence found in rocks such as teeth, skulls, or bones to provide more info about early humans. • Culture- People’s unique way of life. • All 3 work together to make new discoveries about the past!

8. Other Professions Economist: Studies economic systems and trade Cartographer: Person who makes maps Geographer: Studies geography and how it impacts people Political Scientists: Studies governments, leaders, branches of government. Etc. Sociologist: studies social interaction of different groups Psychologist: studies human behavior

9. What makes up a Culture?List examples that describe your Culture • Food • Clothing • Hobbies (Sports) • Tools/Tech • Work • Language • Religion • Political Beliefs/Government • Economic system • Arts • Values • Class and Caste System

10. Early Discoveries • Laetoli Footprints-East Africa- hominid footprints found in preserved volcano ash. • Hominids- Humans/Species that walk upright

11. Louis and Mary Leakey • Large impact on the study of human origins. • “Lucy”- Ethiopia- full female skeleton discovered that was 3.5 million years ago- Oldest hominid found to date! • Homo Habilis (Man of Skill)- Olduvai Gorge- found fossils of tools for cutting meat and cracking bones. Tools made survival easier!!! • Leaky’s proved that early humans lived in Eastern Africa!!!

12. Lucy Olduvai Gorge

13. Shanidar Cave (Iraq)- found evidence of a funeral held for a set of human remains. (suggests spiritual beliefs/culture!!)

14. Stone Age • Period of the most impressive achievements in human history! • Discovery of fire • Invention of tools • Language (Communication) • Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age-1st half)- 2.5 Million to 8,000 B.C.- Oldest stone chopping tools found during this time. • Neolithic Age (New Stone Age-2nd half)- 8,000 B.C. to 3,000 B.C.- Polish stone tools, pottery, crops, and raise animals.

15. Advantages of Hominids • Easier travel, spot threatening enemies sooner, and carry more food and children • Opposable Thumb: allowed them to grab objects such as tools • Think about all the things you couldn’t do without opposable thumbs!!!!

16. Culture

17. Journal Response • This week we’ve talked about Culture • Using your notes and book, create your own culture that describes you or the society you would like to live in! • (Ex: Foods, Technology, School, Friends, etc.) • Do not include religion • Be prepared to share! 

18. What’s the Main Point? How did the introduction of agriculture affect early peoples? • Civilizations developed • Birthrates decreased rapidly • Societies became nomadic • Food production declined

19. Beginning of Civilizations Main Idea: New methods for obtaining food and new technologies allowed for civilizations to begin!

20. How Did They Get Food? • Old Stone Age- We were Nomads- Traveled place to place looking for new food sources. • Hunter-Gatherers- We relied on hunting animals and collecting plants. • Forced us to follow herds such as Buffalo from place to place. • Technological Revolution- developed new tools and methods to improve our ability to gather more food. • Used Wood, Bone, and Stone to create Spears, Fish Hooks, Digging Tools for Plants, Knives, etc.

21. Advances in Art • Artifacts • Necklaces of seashells, lion teeth, and bear claws • Sculptures of animals • Cave art- Drew lifelike images of animals with colored paints made of charcoal, mud, and animal blood. Found on several continents: Australia, Africa, Europe • Give us info on their daily life and culture!!!

22. Neolithic Revolution!! • 10,000 years ago- Women scattered seeds near their campsite and discovered crops in the location the following season. • Discovery begins the Neolithic Revolution also known as Agricultural Revolution that symbolizes the shift from hunter-gathering to farming. • One of the greatest breakthroughs in human history!

23. Early Farming • Slash and Burn Farming- cut trees or grasses and burned them to clear a field. Ashes would fertilize the soil. • Domestication (taming) of Animals- After years of knowledge of hunting, we discovered how to herd and keep animals as a constant source of food. (sheep, goats, horses, pigs, etc.)

24. Farming Changes Civilization! Farming: • Created a reliable source of food • Allowed for permanent settlement • Farming methods continued to improve allowing for more food to be produced

25. Improved Farming Methods Surplus (Extra) Food Produced Populations Grow First Cities Emerge First Civilizations Emerge

26. Economic System • Barter System: Exchanging goods for goods (no currency involved) • This is also known as the traditional economic system

27. Farming All Over The World • Africa • Nile River Valley provided vital fertile land for crops • China • Yellow River/ Chang Jiang River • Mexico/Central America • Peru

28. Example: CatalHuyuk • Village discovered in Turkey • Showed several benefits of settled life/Culture • Large Population- several homes • Reliable source of food-large amounts of crops (surplus) from well-watered soil • Religion- Religious shrines • Economy-Mirrors, jewelry, knives made of black volcanic rock for trade • Leisure Time- sculptures and paintings

29. Leisure Time + Economy Prosper • New tools continued to make farming easier creating more crops • Irrigation System- water system to keep soil fertile • Surplus (extra) crops = Increase in population • Surplus = more leisure time to focus on other jobs and develop new skills! • New valuable products emerge: pottery, metal objects, woven cloth. • Products were traded allowing the economy to prosper and receive raw materials the group lacked • Invention of wheel and sail- allow for easier transportation and the movement of more goods over longer distances.

30. Social Changes • Social Classes Form based on wealth and job status. (create power and influence) • Religion becomes more organized and traditions and values began to form.

31. What is the best title for this diagram? Changes During the Neolithic Revolution Elements of Belief Systems Characteristics of Classical Civilizations Benefits of the Counter Reformation What’s the Main Point? Nomads Hunters and Gatherers Simple Tools and Weapons Farmers Domesticated Animals Establishment of Villages

32. What’s the Main Point? • The Neolithic Revolution is considered a turning point in history because it • Influenced climatic changes • Included the domestication of plants and animals • Caused a decline in population • Encouraged a nomadic lifestyle

33. What’s the Main Point? • What was an important result of the Neolithic Revolution? • Populations declined • People became more nomadic • New sources of energy became available • Food supplies became more reliable

34. Civilization Develops • Civilization- complex culture with 5 characteristics • Advanced cities • Specialized workers • Complex institutions • Record keeping • Advanced technology • Sumer (Mesopotamia)- believed to be one of the first civilizations!!!

35. 1.Advanced Cities • Birthplace of civilization • City- center of trade for a large area • Trade is essential to the success of every civilization

36. 2. Specialized Workers • Growing cities needed workers that specialized in certain skills. • Specialization- development of a skill in a specific kind of work. (expert in your field!) • Ex: teachers, merchants, soldiers, metalworkers, priests, farmers, weavers, etc. • Artisans- people who made goods by hand that became valuable for trade

37. 3. Complex Institutions • Institution- long-lasting pattern of organization in a community • Ex: government, religion, and economy • Large populations meant the need for government to create laws and maintain order

38. 4. Record Keeping • Institutions became more complex bringing on the need for record keeping. • System of writing- formed by groups for record keeping • Ex: passages of laws, tax collections, and calendars to keep track of important rituals • Scribes- record keepers • Cuneiform- system of writing created by the Sumerians made up of wedge shape symbols for record keeping.

39. 5. Improved Technology • Creating new tools and methods to solve problems that arise when people live together. • Example: Sumerians discovered that melting tin and copper together created a stronger metal known as bronze. Others: Wheel/Sail • Bronze Age- time when people began using bronze for tools and weapons. • Location: Sumer • Outcome: Gave Sumer an advantage over enemies

40. Ur • City in Sumer made up of 30,000 people that was a high sophisticated civilization • Social classes: Rulers/Priests held great power, wealthy merchants from trade, artists/artisans • Large irrigation systems, food surpluses, thriving economy, and government officials to make sure the civilization runs smoothly. • Bronze weapons for defense, thriving trade focus on bartering. • Barter: trading goods for other goods instead of money. • Religion: Large temples and rituals dealing with after life.

42. Vocabulary Activity • Describe the following questions in an essay (paragraph) using 10 terms from your vocab. Packets. Do Not just define the terms! Do connect the terms together to describe: • How do we know about early humans? • What was the Stone Age Like? • Why is the Neolithic Revolution so important to our existence and the way we live today?