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Man is one of the species who inhabit the earth.he is the only one who has interfered with various natural processes for use of both biological & physical resources to meet his multiple demands,man has polluted all the three realms of the earth-lithosphere,hydrosphere & atmosphere.it is essential for us to know about environment & its pollution. In this presentation we will be able to know about- Objectives • Primary & secondary pollutants • Acid rain • Ozone depletion • Green house effect • Noise pollution • Environment • Biosphere • Ecosystem model • Atmosphere • Atmospheric pollution
Environment That which surrounds, the total sum of the condition of the surroundings within which an organism, or group, or an object,exists(including the natural as modified by human activity & the artificial).
Abiotic Environment Atmosphere Sea Biotic Environment Environment is the sum of biotic & abiotic component
Atmosphere Biosphere The entire part of earth's land, soil, water & atmosphere in which living organism are found is called biosphere Or The combined area lithosphere, hydrosphere of & atmosphere is known as biosphere. Biosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere Model
Solar Radiation Sun provides energy for plant photosynthesis Climate Amount of solar radiation varies with latitude & hence effects climate. solar radiation also power weather systems Volcanic activity ,mountain, ranges etc. can also affect climate Vegetation Animals Climate interacts with geology in soil formation provides water for solar climate. Soil provides water & nutrients for plants together with a physical base in which plants can root themselves. Geology Soil Plants provides food for animals Animals alter vegetation by browsing & grazing. Human have significantly altered vegetation patterns through modification for agriculture. Vegetation gives off water vapour who helps to stabilize the climate of the earth. Climate restricts the type of plants & animals that can survive in a particular ecosystem. Water & temperature are two main climate controls. Dead plants & animals decomposes & return nutrients to the soil. Nutrients are also returned to the soil through animal excrement. Biotic Component AbioticComponent Soil [provides habitat including water & air for many invertebrates addition many animals have evolved specialist cope with different soils for example the feet of camel. Ecosystem Model
Atmosphere • Our current atmosphere is a mixture of many different gases & suspended particles. It is almost same every where up to an altitude of 80 Kms.The atmosphere is divided in to 4 layers-
21% 18% 14% 05% Atmospheric Pollution Is an unwanted change in the quality of earth's earths atmosphere caused by emission of gases caused by emission of gases due to burning of fossil fuel,transportation,industrial institution etc. 42% 21% Transportation Fuel Industries waste Other
Different Pollutants • Gaseous waste: Oxides of nitrogen,SO2,CO2,CO.Cl,Br,I,O3 & smog. • Complex organic chemicals: Benzene, ether. • Acid prop lets: H2SO4, HNO3 • Agrochemicals: fertilizers, pesticides,herbicixles,fungicides, rematicides,weedicides,bectrecides etc. • Fluorides • Metals: Mercury,lead,Cd,Zn,Fe,Ni etc. • Solid wasre:Garbage,plastic etc. • Radioactive waste: Nuclear reacters,uranium,nuclear explosion. • Noise waste
Classification of Air Pollutents Secondary pollutants :These result from chemical reactions between two or more air components. • Natural Pollutants: The pollution which comes out from natural sources such as forest fires volcanic eruption decomposition of organic matter & natural radioactivity. Primary Pollutants: Harmful chemical that directly enters the air as a result of human activity. These are deforestisation burning of fossil fuel industrialization warfare etc. Formation of secondary pollutants 2SO2+O2 2SO3 2SO3+H2O H2SO4 (Secondary pollutant)
NO2,SO3,HNO3, H2SO4,H2O2,O3, PANs,MostNO3-- & SO4-2 CO,CO2,NO,Most Hydrocarbons, Most SPM Solar radiation Primary Pollutants Secondary Pollutants Volcano Factory Formation of secondary pollutents
Environmental challenges • Green house effect: Increasing global temperature. Scientists predicting that earth's temperature will increase by 3-40C by year 2030 if the pollution continues to increase at the same pace. • Ozone depletion: As ozone layer in the upper atmosphere absorbs incoming harmful ultraviolet radiation but it is now getting thinner & more UVs are reaching in to earth creating different disease like cancer& eye problems. • Photochemical smog: In 1952 London was covered by smog for 10 days .This smog was caused by fog, smoke, ash,& SO2 plus NO2.Sunlight played a great role in the formation of this smog .Though deaths occurring at that time were not directly attributed to the smog later statistics confirmed that 6,000 more people. Acid rain: is caused by oxides of nitrogen & sulphur.It increases acidity of soil & effects the growth of trees & plants. The majestic monument Taj Mahal in India is also affecting by this.
+ water SO2 & NOX Acid Rain Solar Radiation H2SO4 (Sulphuric Acid) HNO3 (Nitric Acid) Acid Rain Factories, Transportation Lake Sea SEA
Earth A Green House Effect Methane Carbon Dioxide Nitrous oxide Ozone Earth This natural balance may be distorted by Green House Effect as gases such as carbon dioxide have built up in the atmosphere trapping more heat Green house gases in natural condition insulates the earth against extreme of temperature by limiting both incoming solar radiation & escape of reradiated heat in to space. Contribution of different gases to cause green house effect Less reradiated heat escapes in to space Some reradiated heat escapes in to space sun sun sun More reradiated heat reflected back to earth Infra-red radiation Some reradiated heat reflected back to earth Surface Temperature increases Surface Temperature normal Atmosphere Atmosphere Unbalanced Green House Effect Naturally Moderated Green House Effect
NO2 Nitrogen dioxide H2O Water Hydrocarbons Ultraviolet Radiation NO Nitric Oxide O2 Molecular Oxygen O Atomic Oxygen O3 Ozone HNO3 Nitric Acid PANs Peroxyacyl nitrates Aldyhydes (e.g. Formaldehyde) Photochemical Smog Formation of Photochemical Smog
Ozone layer depletion ozone Ultraviolet rays from Sun Chlorofluorocarbons are entering in to atmosphere releasing chlorine. The chlorine than break down the ozone The Ozone layer in stratosphere blocks these harmful UV rays Oxygen Whole in Ozone layer chlorine The chlorine released from CFCs break down the ozone molecule. More ultraviolet radiations are reaching in to earths surface as there is a whole in ozone layer.
Noise pollution This era has rightly been called as the era of noise.because heavy industrialization we are exposed to a high level of noise all around us. Noise has become a very important stress factor in modern life.it leads many health hazards.Some of the sources of noise pollution are aircraft,automobiles,factories,loudspeakers& pop& Rock-n-Roll music in clubs . Noise produces following health problems- 1)Auditory fatigue 2)Deafness or impaired vision 3)Rise in blood pressure, pulse rate 4)Headache 5)Nausea 6)Disturbed sleep 7)Emotional disturbances
SOUND INTENSITY High Approximate 80db Pleasant below than 80dB Very High above than 100db Heavy Traffic Quit Conversation Jet take off Loud Conversation Loudspeaker Ticking Clock Quit Raining Sports car Space vehicle launch
Conclusion We know that certain environmental conditions like air,water,& food are essential for man,s survival.apart from their availability their quality & quantity must be assured according to man,s natural & acquired capacity for sustenance progress in industrialization has brought environmental hazards such as air water & noise pollution.These have caused many health problems & diseases. As it has been said- we do not inherit the environment from our forefathers,we borrow it from future generation. Stockholm conference of 1972 proclaims that: The protection & improvement of human environment is a major issue which affects the well being of people & economic development throughout the world&it is duty of all governments & people to common efforts for the preservation & improvement of environment for the benefit of all people & their prosperity
