Nils Petter Gleditsch Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW at

1. An irreverent history of peace researchHenrik-Steffens-Vorlesung, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin,3 June 2008 Nils Petter Gleditsch Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW at International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO) & Department of Sociology and Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology

2. Two anniversaries • 2009: PRIO at 50 • 2009: The ISA at 50 What happened to peace? What happened to peace research?

3. Armed conflicts 1946–2006 Data from Harbom & Wallensteen (2007) and www.prio.no/cscw/armedconflict.

4. Battle deaths, 1946–2005

5. Periodization • Pre-history ( –1959) • The behavioral revolution (1959–68) • The socialist revolution (1968–78) • The wilderness years (1978–89) • The post-Cold War years (1989– ) • The liberal peace – or? (2001– )

6. Themes • Academic disciplines • Methodology • School in IR • Politics • Institutionalization • The concept of peace

7. Pre-history (until the late 1950s) • Law, history, philosophy, political science • Traditional methodology, essayistic, legalistic • Realist thinking (deterrence, alliance politics) • Politically pro-West (traditionalism) • Beginning institutionalization (Royal Institute …, NGOs) • Avoid war (at most), peace not a serious academic concept

8. The behavioral revolution (1959–68+) • Sociology, economics, etc., multi-disciplinary ideal • Quantitative methodology (statistics, mathematical modeling) • Liberal thinking (modernization, integration, nonviolent norms); Gandhian influence • Politically neutral (pacifism); analogy to medicine • Rapid institutionalization (JCR, CCR, PRIO, JPR, IPRA, PRS/PSS, chairs) • Negative peace (avoid war) and positive (integration)

9. The socialist revolution (1968–78) • Trans-disciplinary ideal (but: ascendance of political science) • Liberation methodology (invariance-breaking) • Radical thinking (dependency, marxism, structural) • Politically pro-East (revisionism), pro-South (third-worldism); research (for the underdogs) • Conquer or destroy institutions (Denmark, chairs in peace research) • Peace as negation of direct and structural violence

10. The wilderness years (1979–89) • A subfield of political science? • Weak methodology (anything goes) • Radicalism becomes traditionalism • Politically correct with declining faith • Trying to save or to patch up institutions • Peace as anything

11. The post-Cold War years (1989– ) • Multiple backgrounds (cross-d., not trans-d.) • Pluralist methodology (post-modern challenge) • Neoliberal thinking (the liberal peace) • Apolitically pro-West (only game in town) • De-institutionalization, privatization, individualism, new emphasis on academic quality • Peace as reduction of direct violence; lasting peace

12. The liberal peace – or? (2001– ) Competing challenges • The temporary peace • Hegemonic peace • Clash of civilizations • Sustainable peace • The virtual peace • The male peace • Capitalist peace

13. Boulding's three forms of power • Threat power (destruction) • Economic power (exchange) • Integrative power (legitimacy)

14. Integrative power

15. - or?