Splash Screen

1. Splash Screen

2. Chapter Introduction Section 1: Physical and Sexual Development Section 2:Personal Development Section 3:Social Development Section 4:Gender Roles and Differences Chapter Menu

3. Chapter Objectives · Section 1 Physical and Sexual Development Describe the physical development and biological changes that all adolescents experience. Chapter Preview 1

4. Chapter Objectives · Section 2 Personal Development Outline the changes in patterns of reasoning, moral thinking, and the development of one’s identity during the transition from childhood to adulthood. Chapter Preview 2

5. Chapter Objectives · Section 3 Social Development Discuss the changes that adolescents undergo in their social relationships. Chapter Preview 3

6. Chapter Objectives · Section 4 Gender Roles and Differences Describe the physical and psychological gender differences of males and females, and discuss how beliefs about these differences influence behavior. Chapter Preview 4

7. Chapter Preview-End

8. Main Idea All adolescents experience dramatic changes in their physical size, shape, and capacities, as well as biological development related to reproduction. Section 1-Main Idea

9. Vocabulary • initiation rites • puberty • menarche • spermarche • asynchrony Section 1-Key Terms

10. Objectives • Describe the physical changes that characterize adolescence. • Describe research related to the sexual attitudes and roles of adolescents. Section 1-Objectives

11. A B C D How would you define the word “adolescence”? A.Transition period between childhood and adulthood B.A time period of mixed abilities and responsibilities in which childlike behavior changes to adultlike behavior. C.Time of preparation for adult responsibilities D.All of the above Section 1-Polling Question

12. Physical and Sexual Development • Adolescence is seen in our society as a time of preparation for entry into adulthood. • There are many initiation rites—ceremonies or rituals in which an individual is admitted to new status or accepted into a new position—that mark this occasion. Section 1

13. Theories of Adolescence • G. Stanley Hall viewed adolescence as a time of great “storm and stress,” where the teen is a marginal being, confused, troubled, and highly frustrated. • Margaret Mead found that teens in other societies seemed to enjoy adolescence. Section 1

14. Theories of Adolescence (cont.) • Many studies tend to support Mead’s conclusion and view adolescence as a less stressful time than previously thought. Section 1

15. Theories of Adolescence (cont.) • According to Robert Havighurst, there are challenges that a teenager must face: • Accepting one’s physical makeup and acquiring a masculine or feminine gender role. • Developing appropriate relations with age-mates of both sexes. • Becoming emotionally independent of parents and other adults. Section 1

16. Theories of Adolescence (cont.) • Achieving the assurance that one will become economically independent. • Deciding on, preparing for, and entering a vocation. • Developing the cognitive skills and concepts necessary for social competence. • Understanding and achieving socially responsible behavior. Section 1

17. Theories of Adolescence (cont.) • Preparing for marriage and family. • Acquiring values that are harmonious and appropriate. Section 1

18. Theories of Adolescence (cont.) • The pattern of development an adolescent displays depends on factors such as: • The individual’s adjustment in childhood. • The level of adjustment of his or her parents and peers. • The changes that occur during adolescence. Section 1

19. A B C D Do you agree with the challenges listed by Havighurst? A.Very much so B.Somewhat C.Not very much D.Not at all Section 1

20. Physical Development • Puberty—sexual maturation; the end of childhood and the point when reproduction is first possible. • Between 10 and 17, a girl has her first menarche, or the first menstrual period. • Between 12 and 13, boys experience their first spermarche. • This period of adolescent growth can be awkward due to asynchrony. Section 1

21. Physical Development (cont.) • Individual differences in growth greatly affect the personality of young adolescents. • Boys who mature more quickly tend to have an advantage. • Girls who mature more quickly tend to be at a disadvantage. Average Annual Gains in Height Section 1

22. A B C D Do you agree or disagree that girls who mature more quickly are at a disadvantage? A.Strongly agree B.Somewhat agree C.Somewhat disagree D.Strongly disagree Section 1

23. Sexual Development • Adolescence is a time when an individual develops attitudes about sex and expectations about the gender role he or she will fill. Section 1

24. Sexual Development (cont.) • The questions many people ask themselves regarding sex: • What is the role of family, religion and government in providing information and guidance about sex? • How can we solve the problem of teenage pregnancy? • How can we stop the spread of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS? Section 1

25. Sexual Development (cont.) • Abstinence is the choice to avoid harmful behaviors such as premarital sex and the use of drugs and alcohol. Section 1

26. A B C D When teens choose abstinence what are they hoping to avoid? A.Unwanted pregnancies B.Sexually transmitted diseases C.Loss of self-respect D.All of the above Section 1

27. Section 1-End

28. Main Idea The transition from childhood to adulthood involves changes in patterns of reasoning and moral thinking, as well as the development of one’s identity. Section 2-Main Idea

29. Vocabulary • rationalization • identity crisis • social learning theory Section 2-Key Terms

30. Objectives • Describe the cognitive and ideological changes that characterize adolescence. • Outline the process by which adolescents find a personal identity. Section 2-Objectives

31. A B C What do you think is the most important change to occur during adolescence? A.Development of a sense of identity and self-esteem B.Changes in patterns of reasoning and moral thinking C.Adjustments in personality and sexual behavior Section 2-Polling Question

32. Cognitive Development • During adolescence, the thinking patterns characteristic of adults emerge. • Consideration of hypothetical questions • Understanding of abstract principles Section 2

33. Cognitive Development (cont.) • Introspection—examining one’s own motives and thoughts—becomes possible. • An adolescent may deal with emotional feelings through rationalization. Section 2

34. Cognitive Development (cont.) • The change in thinking pattern is usually accompanied by changes in personality and social interaction. • Adolescents tend to become idealistic. Section 2

35. Cognitive Development (cont.) • Some problems adolescents develop due to immaturity and abstract thought processes: • Finding fault with authority figures • Argumentativeness • Indecisiveness • Apparent hypocrisy • Self-consciousness • Invulnerability Section 2

36. A B C D Do you agree that adolescents can become idealistic and thus difficult? A.Very much so B.Somewhat C.Not very much D.Not at all Section 2

37. Moral Development • Reaching higher levels of thinking, such as Kohlberg’s last two stages, involves the ability to abstract. • During the adolescent years, individuals gain the capacity for formal operational thinking. • Only about 1 in 10 adolescents, however, show higher levels of moral reasoning. Section 2

38. A B The capacity for formal operational thinking is always a precursor for higher levels of moral reasoning. A.True B.False Section 2

39. Identity Development • Erik Erikson’s view of identity crisis: • Building an identity is a task that is unique to adolescence. • They must become a unique individual with a valued sense of self in society. Erik Erikson Section 2

40. Identity Development (cont.) • Contributing factors include: • Physiological changes • Cognitive developments • Awakening sexual desires • Thinking about the past and future • The desire to feel unique and to fit in • The need to organize their priorities • Role confusion Section 2

41. Identity Development (cont.) • Identity forms when adolescents are comfortable with: • An occupation • A set of values to believe in and live by • Their sexual identity Section 2

42. Identity Development (cont.) • James Marcia distinguished four attempts to achieve a sense of identity: • Identity moratorium • Identity foreclosure • Identity confused or diffused • Identity achievement Adolescent Identity Categories Section 2

43. Identity Development (cont.) • Social Learning View: • A.C. Peterson—crisis is not the normal state of affairs for adolescents • Albert Bandura—social learning theory • Margaret Mead—human development is a continuous process as opposed to radical changes at certain points in life Section 2

44. A B C D How many different ways are there to identity development? A.One B.Two C.Three D.Four Section 2

45. Section 2-End

46. Main Idea Adolescents undergo many changes in their social relationships, adjusting to new relationships with parents and the influence of peers. Section 3-Main Idea

47. Vocabulary • clique • conformity • anorexia nervosa • bulimia nervosa Section 3-Key Terms

48. Objectives • Describe the role of family and peers during adolescence. • Discuss difficulties that some adolescents encounter. Section 3-Objectives

49. A B Of the following, which group has a greater role in shaping your identity as an adolescent? A.Family B.Peers Section 3-Polling Question

50. The Role of the Family • One of the principal developmental tasks for adolescents is becoming independent of their families. • Some parents don’t want the child to leave. • The adolescent might also worry about whether or not he or she will succeed. Section 3