Weight, Body Composition, and Health

1. Weight, Body Composition, and Health Maintaining a Healthy Body Weight

2. Weight and Health • Goal is to determine if an individual is: • Underweight • Health risks • Healthy weight • Overweight (BMI > 25) • Health risks if overweight and overfat • Huge health issue in US (see page 280)

3. Key: No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% _ >25% _ Increasing Prevalence of Obesity (BMI >30) among U.S. Adults 1991: Only four states had obesity rates greater than 15 percent. 1996: Over half of the states had obesity rates greater than 15 percent. 2001: Only one state had an obesity rate below 15 percent, most had obesity rates greater than 20 percent and one had an obesity rate greater than 25 percent.

4. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2003 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

5. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2004 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

6. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2007 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

7. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2008 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

8. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2009 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

9. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2010 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

10. 2014 – note color changes!

11. U.S. Data • Obesity has risen 75% in 10 years. • Obesity has risen nearly 100% in 20 years. • Rates have doubled in children in 20 years. • Rates have tripled in teens in 20 years. • Self-reported data indicate that 61% of adults • are overweight or obese. • Data based on direct measurements indicate that two-thirds of adults are overweight or obese.

12. U.S. Obesity Data by Race 34.9 % of adults in US are obese

13. Overweight Children • Children most likely to have a high BMI when: • Either parent or both overweight or obese • They live in smaller families • They are poor • They consume a high proportion of calories from fat • They are avid TV watchers – more screen time is associated with higher weight

14. Maine Obesity Data % Obese Year 10-14 1995 15-19 1996 15-19 1997 15-19 1998 15-19 1999 15-19 2000 15-19 2001 20-24 2002 15-19 2003 20-24 2004 24.8 2007 25.8 2009 26.5 2011 * BMI > 30, CDC

15. Evaluating Weight/Health Status • Compare weight to standard height-weight tables • Tables are of limited value and use • Body Mass Index (BMI) • Preferred measure for evaluating weight • Based on significant amount of research

16. BMI • Upper end of BMI may not be a good indicator of health for: • body builder or serious athlete’s weight/health • the elderly • Low end of the BMI is an appropriate measure of being underweight for all

18. BMI • Calculating BMI – most use BMI calculators or charts (see page 341) BMI = weight in pounds x 703 (height, inches)2 Weight, lbs = desired BMI x (height, inches)2 703

19. BMI – Kids and Teens • https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/childrens_bmi/about_childrens_bmi.html • https://nccd.cdc.gov/dnpabmi/calculator.aspx

20. BMI • Calculating the weight associated with a desired BMI: Weight, lbs = desired BMI x (height, inches)2 703

21. Health Risks and BMI

22. Health Risks and Weight • Health risks in each category increase if: • Waist is > 40” men, > 35” women • Smoke • Physically inactive • High blood glucose • High LDL levels or low HDL levels • Family history of heart disease, stroke, hypertension, type II diabetes

23. Body Fat • Need enough body fat to meet basic needs, but not so much as to increase health risks • Essential Body Fat: • Males: 3% body fat • Females: 12% body fat, 20% for reproductive health (menstruation and fertility) • The latter value has recently come into question

24. % Body Fat and Health • Desirable % body fat levels: text values • Males: 8 - 24 % • Females: 21 – 33 %

25. Measuring % Body Fat % body fat is difficult to measure accurately • Common methods for measuring: • Fat fold measures with calipers • Bioelectric impedance • Underwater weighing • Air displacement • X-ray, MRI, CT and other expensive techniques

26. Distribution of Body Fat Matters • Central Obesity (apple shape) • Fat stored around the organs of the abdomen • Associated with increased risk of: • Heart disease • Stroke • Hypertension • Some cancers

27. Distribution of Body Fat • More on central obesity • More common in men and post-menopausal women • Associated with smoking • Abdominal fat is likely to go directly to the liver and be used to make VLDL  LDL

28. Distribution of Body Fat • Lower-Body Obesity (pear shape) • Fat stores are concentrated around the hips and thighs • Doesn’t raise health risks as much as central obesity. • See most often in women during reproductive years

29. Waist Circumference • Health risks increase when waist circumference is: • Greater than 40” in men • Greater than 35” in women • Risk is even greater if BMI is also > 24.9

30. What are the Health Issues? • Health issues associated with being overweight or obese, increased risk of: • Type II diabetes • Hypertension • High cholesterol • Heart disease • Some cancers

31. Health Issues • Health issues continued • Gall bladder disease • Osteoarthritis • Respiratory problems • Hernias • Varicose veins • Flat feet • Complications during surgery and pregnancy

32. Health Issues - Underweight • Increased risk of infection and illness • Tired and weak (may be anemic) • Amenorrhea (periods stop) • Reduced fertility • Complications during surgery • Poor growth and development in kids

33. Summary Methods for Evaluating Weight/Health Status • Compare weight to standard tables (not useful) • Calculate BMI • Determine % body fat • Evaluate fat distribution • Measure waist circumference • Consider other risk factors

34. Who should lose weight? • For people who are overweight or obese and have 2 or more risk factors weight loss is recommended • even a small weight loss (10% of body weight) will significantly decrease health risks

35. Who should lose/gain weight? • Healthy BMI - maintain current weight. • Overweight, desirable waist measurement, less than 2 other risk factors  prevent further weight gain • Obese – lose weight • Individuals who are have a BMI of less than ______ should gain weight.

36. Strategies for Weight Loss • In general need to decrease caloric intake and increase physical activity • Generally need both for long-term weight loss and health • To lose 1 pound per week you need to reduce caloric intake (or increase caloric output) by: • 500 kcal per day = 3500 kcal/week

37. Strategies for Weight Loss • Set reasonable goals • 1-2 pounds per week • Loss of 10% of body weight • May set interim goals if a large amount of weight loss is desired

38. Making a Change!

39. Strategies for Weight Loss • Avoid fad diets and weight loss supplements • Avoid very low calorie diets and skipping meals • Never less than 1200 kcal per day • Why??

40. Strategies for Weight Loss • Increase level of physical activity • 30-45 minutes moderate intensity, 5 days a week • Add weight bearing exercise to build muscle • Why?

41. Strategies for Weight Loss • Reduce portion size • Increase intake of fiber (why?) • More fruits and veggies • More whole grain products • Eliminate empty calories • Soda, alcohol, candy….. • Decrease calories from liquid sources

42. Strategies for Weight Loss • Drink plenty of water • Eat a salad before dinner • Low calorie dressing • Buy/make fixed size portions • Avoid buffets and family style serving • Reduce fat content of foods w.o increasing portion size

43. Strategies for Weight Loss • Avoid starving all day…..leads to binging • Join a weight loss group • Provides support and accountability • Some offer nutritional guidance as well

44. Extreme Measures • Extreme weight loss measures may be called in cases of severe obesity (BMI >40) • When health issues of weight are greater than the health issues associated with the treatment

45. Extreme Measures • Treatment is usually: • Surgery to drastically reduce stomach size and to bypass some of the SI • Long-term success depends upon compliance with dietary restrictions • Lifetime medical supervision is needed • At high risk of many vitamin and mineral deficiencies • Medications

46. Weight Gain • Goal is to add lean body mass (as well as body fat if extremely underweight) • Exercise is an important component of weight gain • Weight gain can be just as challenging as weight loss!

48. Strategies for Weight Gain • Chose energy dense foods • May be higher fat choices • Someone who is seriously underweight can afford a little more fat • Examples: • 2% milk vs. skim milk • Peanut butter on anything • Salmon vs. haddock

49. Strategies for Weight Gain • Eat regular meals • Do not call a “non-meal” a meal • Lettuce or carrots or an apple are not lunch • Leave salad for last • Increase portion size • Extra meat or cheese on sandwich • Larger bowl of cereal, add a banana

50. Strategies for Weight Gain • Snack between meals, but not too close to meals! • Chose nutritionally /calorie densesnacks • Peanut butter on apple or crackers • Bowl of cereal with milk • Trail mix (seeds, nuts, raisins….) • Slimfast or instant breakfast • Drink caloric beverages • Milk, juice …..