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Chapter 14

Chapter 14. The Chemical Senses. Olfaction - many kinds of information Taste (gustation) - food information Trigeminal - noxious information. Olfactory System. Anatomy

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Chapter 14

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  1. Chapter 14 The Chemical Senses

  2. Olfaction - many kinds of information • Taste (gustation) - food information • Trigeminal - noxious information

  3. Olfactory System • Anatomy • Olfactory epithelium--> olfactory bulb--> olfatory tract --> pyriform cortex and other forebrain structures, amygdala and hypothalamus.

  4. The map of olfactory processing in the brain • Not really understood

  5. What can we smell? • Airborne odours • Concentration: • e.g.(pizza odour) IBMP, 2 nM • similar chemical structures are perceived differently, e.g. spearmint and caraway seeds

  6. What can we smell? • Changes with age • E.g. Children smell crayons • Adults, oregano is pleasant

  7. Concentration differences • Floral in low dose is pleasant • Is putrid in high dose

  8. mixtures • Most odours are composed of very many chemicals. • E.g. stawberry odor has about 60 compounds

  9. Old age • Loose ability to correctly identify an odor. • The corresponding region of the brain is not active too.

  10. Physiological and behavioural responses to odours. • Visceral responses: Smell food--> salivation and gastric motility • Noxious smell-->gag

  11. Physiological and behavioural responses to odours. • Reproductive and endocrine functions • Women housed together synchronize menstral cycles • Smelling gauze pads from underarms of women also synchronizes menstral cycles.

  12. Physiological and behavioural responses to odours. • Infants recognize mothers by scent • Mothers can recognize the scent her baby.

  13. Pheromones Species specific odorants. Some pheromones stimulate the vomeronasal organ VNO--> accessory olfactory bulb-->hypothalamus. (Found in 8% of human adults), VNO receptors are pseudogenes in humans.

  14. Olfactory receptor (sensory) neuron • In the olfactory epithelium • Have cilia projecting into the nasal cavity mucus • These cells become damaged, and turnover.

  15. Transduction

  16. Two olfactory subsystems • Main • Vomeronasal

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