Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí Faculty of medicine School of Emergencias Subject:

1. Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí Faculty of medicine School of Emergencias Subject: Scientific English Instructor: Marisol Barraza Group presentation project: “Fracture, Sprains, Strains & Dislocations” Group members: Gabriel, Rodriguez 4-762-1817 Stefany, Lezcano 4-763-831 Joselyn,Rovira 4-763-273 Maryleivis, Guerra 4-764-2236 Date: November 21,2011

2. INDEX 1.Glossary…………………………………………………………………...1-2 2.Fractures……………………………………………………………………..3 2.1.Signs and symptoms……………………………………………………4 2.2.Causes……………………………………………………………………5 2.3.the most common fracture……………………………………………..6 2.4.First AID treatment……………………………………………………..7 2.5.lifting & carrying in fractures…………………………………………..8 3.Sprains……………………………………………………………………….9 3.1.Signs and symptoms……………………………………………………10 3.2.Causes…………………………………………………………………...11 3.3.the most common sprains…………………………………………......12 3.4.First AID treatment……………………………………………………...13 3.5. lifting & carrying in sprains…………………………………………….14 4.Strains………………………………………………………………………..15 4.1.Signs and symptoms……………………………………………………16 4.2.Causes……………………………………………………………………17 4.3.the most common strains……………………………………………...18 4.4.First AID treatment………………………………………………………19 4.5. lifting & carrying in strains………………………………………........20

3. 5.Dislocations………………………………………………………………….215.Dislocations………………………………………………………………….21 5.1. Signs and symptoms……………………………………………………22 5.2.Causes……………………………………………………………………23 5.3.the most common dislocations………………………………………...24 5.4.First AID treatment………………………………………………………25 5.5. lifting & carrying in dislocations…………………………………........26 6.First AID Equipment and medications……………………………………27 7.Bibliography……………………………………………………………………28

4. Glossary 1. Fractures: fracturas. 2 .Sprains: esguinces de ligamentos. 3. Strains: esguinces de un músculo o un tendón 4. Dislocations: dislocación 5. Grating sensation: sensación de fricción 6. Bones rubbing together: los huesos se rozan entre si. 7. Tenderness: Cuidado 8. Bruising: moretones 9. Splint affected area: entablillar el área afectada 10. Further pain: más dolor o un nuevo dolor. 11. Further injury unless moved: un mayor prejuicio en el traslado 12. Warmth: calor 13.Falls : caída

5. Fractures • Definitions: A broken bone in to excessive force.

6. Signs and symptoms • Inflammation b) Pain c) Deformity injury area d)Internal injuries such as: d.1. bleeding d.2. bowel perforation e)Injury to the skin f) Muscle spasms

7. Causes • A high force impact or stress. • Osteoporosis (bone cancer) causes broken bones.

8. The most common fracture • Closed fracture(simple) • Open fracture(compound) • Greenstick fracture(incomplete) • Comminuted fracture

9. First AID treatment • Stop any bleeding. • Immobilize the injured area. • Apply ice packs to limit swelling and help relieve pain. • Treat the shock.

10. Lifting and carrying

11. Sprains • Definitions: It is an injury in a joint, caused by ligament being stretched beyong its capacity.

12. Signs and symptoms a) Pain b)Swelling c)Bruising d) Decreased ability to move e) the ligament is ruptured f) Difficulty using the affected extremity

13. Causes • The join overextended • Over stretching of the joints c) exercising , playing and other sports

14. The most common Sprains • Ankle sprains 3.Finger sprain 2.Sprained wrist

15. First AID treatment RICE: • Rest • Ice • Compression • Elevation

16. Lifting and carrying

17. Strains • Definitions: It is an injury to a muscle or tendon in which the muscle fibers tear as result of overstretching.

18. Signs and symptoms a) Pain b) Swelling c) Muscle spasms d) Limited ability to moved the affected muscle

19. Causes a) The may occur on the job or during sports: gymnastics, tennis, rowing, golf and other.

20. The most common strains 1.Groin pull 2. Hamstring injury 3.Neck strains Hamstring injury

21. First AID treatment RICE: • Rest • Ice • Compression • Elevation

22. Lifting and carrying

23. Dislocations • Definitions: It is an injury in which the ends of your bones are their not positions.

24. Signs and symptoms a) Pain b)Swelling e) Difficulty to move the injured area f) Deformity of the dislocated area g) Bruising in the injured area

25. Causes Include: • Sports injured • Falls

26. The most common Dislocations • Shoulders dislocations • Fingers dislocations

27. First AID treatment RISR • Reduction • Immobilization • Surgery • Rehabilitation

28. Lifting and carrying

29. First AID equipment and medications Equipment • Splints • Crutches • Ice (cold packs) • Bandage • Sterile bandage • Triangular bandage • Padding • Elastics wraps or sleeves Medications • Anti-clotting medications • Anti-coagulant drugs • Over-the-counter pain relievers • Ibuprofen( Advil ,Motrin) • Acetaminophen (Tylenol)

30. Bibliography • Bone fracture • http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bone fracture • http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:broken fixed arm.jpg • Strains • http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/strains injury • http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:2010-10-02 pulled hamstring.jpg • Sprains • http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sprain • http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:sprained foot.jpg • Dislocations • http//www.Ipch.org/diseasehealthInfo/healthlibrary/ortopaedics/dislocat.html • http//www.Ipch.org/diseasehealthInfo/healthlibrary/ortopaedics/0389-pop.html • Fractures, dislocations and soft tissue injuries chapter 12 • http//www.cynergex.com.au/PDF