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The Preparation and Collection Of Non-Metals.

The Preparation and Collection Of Non-Metals. Ashvini Jagassar- 5C Chemistry. Mr. Dookoo. Section B- Descriptive Chemistry B.2. Inorganic Chemistry. Preparation and Collection of Non-Metals: 3.1 describe the industrial preparation of chlorine, sulphuric acid and ammonia;.

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The Preparation and Collection Of Non-Metals.

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  1. The Preparation and Collection Of Non-Metals. Ashvini Jagassar- 5C Chemistry. Mr. Dookoo

  2. Section B- Descriptive ChemistryB.2. Inorganic Chemistry Preparation and Collection of Non-Metals: 3.1 describe the industrial preparation of chlorine, sulphuric acid and ammonia;

  3. The Preparation and Collection Of Chlorine. The main method for the manufacture of chlorine is The Flowing Mercury Cathode Cell. Sodium hydroxide and hydrogen are co products . This is the electrolysis of brine (aqueous sodium chloride) using a continuously flowing mercury cathode and a graphite or titanium anode. The raw material used is concentrated sodium chloride solution (NaCl). The power requirement is approximately 4.5 V, 300,000 A, and the process is carried out at a pH of about 4.5.

  4. The Flowing Mercury Cathode Cell.

  5. Reactions involved in the Electrolysis of Chlorine. • Cl is discharged at the anode because it is of higher concentration than OH- 2Cl-(aq) - 2e- Cl2(g) Chlorine gas produced is collected. • At the cathode Na+ is discharged because of the mercury cathode. The normal order of discharge is reversed on a fresh metal surface (mercury). Na+ + e- Na(s)

  6. The Preparation and Collection of Sulphuric Acid. Sulphuric acid is widely manufactured using the Contact Process. This process can be divided into three stages: • The production of sulphur dioxide. Mainly by burning sulphur in air S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g)

  7. Oxidation of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide. Pure dry sulphur dioxide and oxygen are heated to 450oC and passed over a vanadium (V) oxide in silica gel catalyst. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) • Hydration of sulphur trioxide. Sulphur trioxide is hydrated indirectly by initially dissolving in concentrated sulphuric acid. Oleum is formed which is diluted to give concentrated sulphuric acid. H2SO4(aq) + SO3(g) H2S2O7(aq) Oleum H2S2O7(aq)_ + H2O(l) 2H2SO4(aq)

  8. The Contact Process

  9. The Preparation and Collection of Ammonia. Ammonia is commercially manufactured by the Haber Process. In this process a purified nitrogen/hydrogen mixture is compressed to 200-350 atm and passed over a finely divided iron catalyst. The heat evolved during the reaction maintains the optimum reaction temperature, 350-400oC.

  10. 200-350 atm 350-400oC Iron catalyst N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) The gases leaving the reaction chamber contain 10-20% ammonia, which is removed by condensation under refrigeration or absorption by water. Uncombined nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled.

  11. Preparation of Ammonia Gas.

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