CPE/CSC 580: Knowledge Management

1. CPE/CSC 580: Knowledge Management Dr. Franz J. Kurfess Computer Science Department Cal Poly

2. Introduction Knowledge Processing Knowledge Acquisition, Representation and Manipulation Knowledge Organization Classification, Categorization Ontologies, Taxonomies, Thesauri Knowledge Retrieval Information Retrieval Knowledge Navigation Knowledge Presentation Knowledge Visualization Knowledge Exchange Knowledge Capture, Transfer, and Distribution Usage of Knowledge Access Patterns, User Feedback Knowledge Management Techniques Topic Maps, Agents Knowledge Management Tools Knowledge Management in Organizations Course Overview

3. Motivation Objectives Chapter Introduction Important Concepts and Terms Chapter Summary Overview Knowledge Usage

4. Logistics • Introductions • Course Materials • textbook • handouts • Web page • CourseInfo/Blackboard System and Alternatives • Term Project • Lab and Homework Assignments • Exams • Grading

5. Using Knowledge • What do we want when we look for information or knowledge? • answers, not documents! • current retrieval systems identify documents that may or may not contain the answer • irrelevant documents • partial answers • multiple answers • inconsistent, wrong context, …

6. Current Usage of Retrieval Systems • tools to identify potentially relevant documents • formulation of questions as unnatural queries • either simplistic sets of keywords, or complex expressions • ranking of retrieved documents according to obscure criteria • re-formulation of queries to influence ranking • mostly batch processing • submit query • wait • view result

7. Better Usage of Retrieval Systems • provide answers to questions • find the right information fast • analyze information, combine it into easily digestible formats • summarize longer documents, sets of related documents • relate it to decisions to be made

8. Pre-Test

9. Motivation

10. Objectives

11. Knowledge Usage in Context • terminology • dissemination, utilization, diffusion, technology transfer • knowledge dissemination and utilization • traditional model • conceptual and instrumental use • related terms • knowledge use as learning process • knowledge life span • usefulness and accessibility of knowledge • knowledge life cycle • activities dealing with knowledge throughout its useful life

12. What is Knowledge Utilization? • no clear definition • often used interchangeably with • knowledge dissemination • knowledge transfer • knowledge usage • usually assume two aspects • distribution of knowledge, information, or products • incorporation of conceptual or instrumental use of knowledge into relevant activities

13. Knowledge Dissemination and Utilization • due to a number of factors, existing knowledge is not used effectively • driven by the dissemination side (researchers), rather than the knowledge use side (practitioners) • finding practical applications of knowledge is often left to potential users • lack of coordinated knowledge utilization activities • ad hoc dissemination models, very few attempts at systematic approaches to utilization • cumbersome accessibility • finding and accessing knowledge has been the domain of specialists (librarians, consultants)

14. Dissemination Types • spread • one-way diffusion or distribution of knowledge and information • choice • users actively seek and acquire knowledge from established or alternative sources • users learn about their options • exchange • interactions between people • multi-directional flow of knowledge and information • implementation • technical assistance, training, interpersonal activities [NCDDR 1996]

15. Extension Model of Knowledge Use • rational, linear conception of the process of knowledge utilization • knowledge is packaged and moved from one place to another • based on the assumption that knowledge can be arranged into definable, useable units that can be transmitted easily • “getting the word out” • based on the hope that potential users will hear about it, and be willing and capable to utilize it • does not reflect the use of knowledge in many situations [NCDDR 1996]

16. Complex Model of Knowledge Use • the process usually is not rational nor linear • complex • multiple sources, multiple media and paths of delivery • interdependencies between individual knowledge items • context may be critical • transactional • may involve transactions between source (expert) and user • dependent on the background of potential users • pre-existing knowledge, beliefs, experiences • the user is involved in the usage process • problem-solver • constructor of a personal knowledge base [NCDDR 1996]

17. Knowledge Usage • conceptual use • changes in levels of knowledge, understanding, or attitude • instrumental use • changes in behavior and practice • strategic use • manipulation of knowledge to attain specific goals • power, profit, political gain [NCDDR 1996]

18. Knowledge Usage Metaphors • “tabula rasa” • the learner’s mind is an empty slate upon which people “in the know” impress knowledge • learner as a sponge • soaking up knowledge, largely without filtering or processing • brain as a computer • processes information in a systematic fashion as it is received from outside sources

19. Knowledge Use as Learning Process • role of knowledge • dynamic set of understandings influenced by its originators and its users • role of the learner • actively filters and shapes knowledge • integration into existing knowledge • constructs models of the the environment • explanations to make sense of the world • pre-existing (mis-)understandings may have to be changed • they result in discrepancies of the mental model [NCDDR 1996]

20. Dimensions of Knowledge Utilization • dissemination source • originator of information • initiator of dissemination • content • new knowledge • supporting information • dissemination medium • packaging and transmission of knowledge • user • person or organization to receive and apply the knowledge [NCDDR 1996]

21. Knowledge Life Span [Kaplan 1997]

22. Knowledge Life Cycle [Kaplan 1997]

23. Utilization of Knowledge Assets [Konno 2000]

24. Knowledge Usage Issues • selection of knowledge • composition of knowledge • merging of knowledge items • modification of knowledge • modification of system aspects • preservation of consistency • user motivation

25. Knowledge Usage Template [Skyrme 1999]

26. KM Benefits Tree [Skyrme 1999]

27. Technology vs. Usage Task Context Browse Transfer into Search Organize Gather Query Collaborate Store Output Select Create Think Evaluate Plan Today’s Technology Centered Systems User and Usage Centered [Griffin 2000]

28. Digital Libraries Initiative (DLI)Phase 1 Projects Project/Research Focus research goal full-content search and retrieval of video segments • Carnegie Mellon University: Digital Video Libraries • speech, image and natural language technologies integration • Univ of Michigan: Intelligent Agent Architectures • softwareagents; resource federation; artificial service market economies; educational impact • Stanford Univ: Uniform Access • interoperability; protocols & standards; distributed object architectures; interface design for distributed information retrieval new DL cross-disciplinary capabilities, intellectual perspectives and linkages general access, extensibility for heterogeneous distributed resources [Griffin 2000]

29. Digital Libraries Initiative (DLI)Phase 1 Projects Project/Research Focus research goal • Univ of California, Santa Barbara: Geographic Information Systems • spatially-indexed data; content-based retrieval; image-compression; metadata • Univ of Illinois: Intelligent Search and the Net • large-scale information retrieval across knowledge domains; semantic search; SGML; user/usage studies • Univ of California, Berkeley: Media Integration and Access • new models of “documents”; natural language processing; content-based image retrieval; innovative interface design resources for geosciences research and education communities semantic retrieval across the net; alternatives for publishers of scientific journals new models and services for multi-media information management in a networked world [Griffin 2000]

30. -- DLI Lead Institutions -- Carnegie Mellon University of California, Berkeley University of Illinois Stanford University University of Michigan Univ of California, Santa Barbara DLI Collaboration and Partnering Flow of Resources, Technologies, Knowledge, Intellectual Products Computer & Communications Companies Digital Equipment Corp Xerox Corp Xerox PARC Intel Corp Apple Corporation Bellcore Eastman Kodak Co IBM Lockheed Interconnect Tech Corp Enterprise Integration (EIT) Bellcore Interval Microsoft Corp Bell Atlantic Network Services AT&T Hewlett Packard United Technologies Softquad BRS/Dataware Spyglass Hitachi Publishers/Content Providers Elsevier Science Group Encyclopedia Britannica McGraw-Hill Publishers Dialog Information Services O'Reilly WAIS Inc QED Communications John Wiley & Sons U.S. News & World Report M&T Publishing Tribune Company UMI Other Universities SUNY Buffalo Univ of Maine Univ of Arizona Open University, U.K. Univ of Wisconsin Univ of Colorado MIT Cornell Univ Primary & Secondary Schools Project-local comm schools Fairfax County Public Schools Winchester-Thurston School Ann Arbor Public Schools Stuyvesant High School, NYC Shasta County Ofc of Edu Government Agencies and Labs DMA/CIO U S Navy USGS NASA/ARC Res Agcy of California San Diego Assn of Govts Libraries Project Site Univ Libs USGS Library Library of Congress California State Library Sonoma County Library St. Louis Public Library New York Public Libs Professional Societies American Math Society (AMA) ACM IEEE American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) American Physical Society American Institute of Physics NCGIA Association of Research Libraries Other/Non-Profits CNRI Environmental Systems Res Inst Mellon Foundation Kellogg Foundation Getty Foundation International Orgs ERCIM [Griffin 2000]

31. Grand Challenge Requirements Climate Modeling Fluid Turbulence 1000 Human Genome Ocean Circulation Quantum Chromdynamics Semiconductor Modeling Superconductor Modeling Viscous Fluid Dynamics 100 Vision and Cognition Structural Biology Vehicle Signature Pharmaceutical 10 Design Chemical Computer Speed in Billion of Operations per Second Dynamics 72 Hour Weather 1 48 Hour Boson Mass Weather Estimate of Higgs Airfoil Modeling 3D Plasma 2D Plasma 0.1 Modeling 1970 1980 1990 2000 [Griffin 2000]

32. 10 10 Composite Distributed Imaging Computing 9 10 Image Interactive Collaboration 8 Transfer 10 Visualization Technology Multi- 7 Video 10 Media Teleconf Database 6 Bandwidth Peak Rate Access 10 5 10 Multi-Media Text 4 10 Mail File Transfer 3 10 Electronic Mail 2 10 Character Data Transfer 1 10 0 10 Bursty Steady Application Requirements Traffic Requirements for Bandwidth [Griffin 2000]

33. Two Dimensional Thinking,Early 1990s... Network Capability (bandwidth) Computing Capability (FLOPS) [Griffin 2000]

34. Digital Libraries technology trajectory: intellectual access to globally distributed information Communications (bandwidth, connectivity) Computing (flops) Digital content less more Three Dimensional Thinking, Mid-90s... [Griffin 2000]

35. Today: Context and Structure metadata [Griffin 2000]

36. Understanding The universe is expanding! Knowledge m = 0.65 s = 0.01 Information Data 0100100110 0011111100 Evolution of Understanding Inference analysis context structure [Griffin 2000]

37. A Vision of Disciplinarity in 2010 Life Sciences Life Sciences Social Sciences, Humanities Social Sciences, Humanities Information Sciences PhysicalSciencesEngineering PhysicalSciencesEngineering Information Sciences 2000 2010 [Griffin 2000]

38. International Digital Libraries Collaborative Research Program • FY 1999 Competition Data • ~50 proposals requesting $25M • ~30 countries • Formal Program with UK/JISC (Circular 15/98) [Griffin 2000]

39. Languages and the Internet April 1999 English 107.2M 56.5% non-English 82.7M 43.5% European 54.9M 30.0% By end of year 2000 English 160M non-English 167M http://www.euromktg.com/globstats/ [Griffin 2000]

40. IPS IC IC PM PM PM PM PM LS LS LS IS IS IS IPS KM Infrastructure PM: Protocol Machine LS: Library Service IC: Interface Client IS: Information Source IPS: Information Processing Service * objects, collections, services, platforms…. Stanford InfoBus: CORBA distributed object technology [Griffin 2000]

41. Merging Intellectual Perspectives • Traditional KM Stress: • Service • Selection, Organization, Structure for Access • Centralization, Standards • Physical objects & standard genres • Contemporary Technological Capabilities (e.g. WWW) Stress: • Flexibility, Openness • Rapid Evolution • Decentralization (geographic, administrative) • Digital objects, old + new genres Design Space for KM Systems & Beyond [Griffin 2000]

42. Application of Integrated Technologies Histogram Scene Analysis Scene Changes Camera Motion Word Relevance Key Words Audio Level • Carnegie Mellon University 2/96 [Griffin 2000]

43. Building Large Collections of Diverse Information UC Berkeley Digital Library Testbed [Griffin 2000]

44. New Conceptualizations [Griffin 2000]

45. Goals • gather information and build collections • conversion of existing collections • creation of new collections from scratch • integration of collections • create new communities • communication • evaluation • collaboration • make technology disappear • from our awareness and experience [Griffin 2000]

46. Usage Aspects • collection and evaluation of usage information • single items vs. sets of items • individuals vs. groups • temporal relationships • info-space relationships • examples • relevance feedback, user profiles, citation analysis, hypertext links, collaborative filtering • problems • technical aspects, quantity of data • privacy

47. Post-Test

48. References • [Griffin 2000] Stephen M. Griffin, Digital Libraries Initiative, National Science Foundation, www.dli2.nsf.gov, 2000 • [Kaplan 1997] R.M. Kaplan, Knowledge Management - Access to an Untapped Resource, October 1997. • [Konno 2000] Noburu Konno, Knowledge Strategy and “Ba” - The Practice of Knowledge-Based Management. Column, Inc., 2000. • [NCDDR 1996] A Review of the Literature on Dissemination and Knowledge Utilization. National Center for the Dissemination of Disability Research (NCDDR), www.ncddr.org, 1996 • [Skyrme 1999].David Skyrme. Knowledge Usage Template. David Skyrme Associates, www.skyrme.com, 1999. [Gil 2000]

49. Important Concepts and Terms • natural language processing • neural network • predicate logic • propositional logic • rational agent • rationality • Turing test • agent • automated reasoning • belief network • cognitive science • computer science • hidden Markov model • intelligence • knowledge representation • linguistics • Lisp • logic • machine learning • microworlds

50. Summary Knowledge Usage