Chapter 13

1. Chapter 13 Southern and Eastern Africa

2. Africa • Second largest continent • Location determines climate- very warm, very constant • Near equator – heavy rainfall • Savannas- about half of Africa covered in grasslands • Sahara- single most important geographic factor • Divides continent • Sub-Saharan Africa- describes all lands below the Sahara

3. I. Southern Africa • Located South of the rain forests of the Congo Basin • Includes large island of Madagascar • South Africa • Most important country in the South • The Cape- tip of Africa • Cape Town- 3rd largest city in Southern Africa • Cape of Good Hope- original settlement by the Dutch • Natal- coastal plains • Lesotho is surrounded in this area • Zulu tribe – most famous Bantu tribes • Orange Free State • settled by the Boers- Dutch farmers • fled from the British crossed the Orange River • Incorporated tribal languages with Dutch to form Afrikaans

4. South Africa • Major Cities • Johannesburg- largest city in South Africa • Pretoria- administrative capital • Cape Town- legislative capital • Apartheid • Rigorous policy of racial separation • 80% of pop. Is black, Afrikaners argued that all races are culturally different and should stay separate • Every area of life separated, blacks lived in government reservations called “homelands”- had to carry a passport to leave • Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk worked to end apartheid, successful in 1993

5. Lesotho • Gained independence from British in 1966 • Completely surrounded by South Africa • Uses water from Orange River to water crops and produce electricity • Swaziland • Borders South Africa and Mozambique • Highest rate of HIV and AIDS among adults in the world • Avg. life span= 32 years

6. Southwest Plateau • Botswana, Namibia, and Angola lie on the plateau in southwest Africa • Land is hot and dry- desert and grassland • Kalahari Desert covers over half of Botswana • 6th largest desert in the world • Botswana • Still part of the British commonwealth • Diamonds account for 80% of income • Many people try to find work in South Africa • Second highest rate of HIV- life expectancy- 34 years

7. Cold ocean to the West keeps things cool, creates lots of fog • Northern shore nicknamed Skeleton Coast for all the shipwrecks • 80% are Christian • Very dependent on South Africa, trying to break free Namibia Angola • Almost 2x the size of Texas • Abundance of diamonds and petroleum reserves, but warfare keeps them from benefitting fully • Strong Portuguese influence dating back to Portugal’s ports there

8. Zambezi River Nations • 4th longest river in Africa • 4 nations lie along the river: Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Malawi Mozambique • Large colony of Portugal until 1975, still speak Portuguese • Suffered a civil war that killed 1 million people, finally settled peacefully in 1994 • Serves as a port for 4 landlocked countries

9. Wide variety of mineral resources • Produces gold, steel, nickel and other products • 80% of people live in poverty • Victoria Fall is on the northwest corner- one of most spectacular waterfalls in the world (pg. 333) • Gained independence from Britain in 1980, has had one ruler Robert Mugabe since then Zimbabwe

10. Zambia • Largest producer of copper in Africa • 75% of the people live in poverty • 16% of adults live with HIV/AIDS • Cuisine of Zambia: nshima and ndiwo Malawi • Lake Malawi is 3rd largest in Africa • One of world’s poorest nations- lacks natural resources, remote location deters transportation or tourism • Tobacco and tea are two most important crops

11. Indian Ocean Islands • Madagascar • Separated from continent by Mozambique Channel • Very diverse: mountains, deserts, plains • Several endemic species: lemurs, aye-ayes, etc. • French is still spoken and Malagasy • Comoros • 4 main volcanic islands • Most people are Muslim • Official languages: French, Arabic and Shikmoro • Seychelles • 115 tropical islands north of Madagascar • Only one town: Victoria • Descendents of French settlers and slaves, Most people speak Creole • Mauritius • Has been ruled by Dutch, British and French • Growing quickly since independence in 1968 in banking, tourism and industry • 48% are Hindu

12. II. Eastern Africa • Significant features: • Great Rift Valley • Nile river Lakes Region Typical African images come from this area 2 large countries: Kenya and Tanzania 3 small countries: Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi

13. Lakes Region • Kenya • A little smaller than Texas • Advanced cities • Many come to see wildlife • Nairobi: capital city • Equator crosses through, many people live in highlands for cooler temps • Masai tribe- live on the Kenyan section of the Serengeti

14. Tanzania • Started off German, went to the British after WWI, and in 1964 joined with island of Zanzibar to be Tanzania • 120 ethnic groups • Swahili is common language • Mount Kilimanjaro lies on the border with Kenya • Highest mountain in Africa • Snow falls on the peak even though its close to the equator

15. Uganda • Capital: Kampala • High plateau in the south • Savanna in the north • Region around Lake Victoria has best farmland • Has been independent since 1962, but under a cruel leader YoweriMuseveni since 1985

16. Rwanda • Home to half of the world’s remaining mountain gorillas • High population density • Hutus= 84% of pop., Tutsis= 15% • Bloody civil war in 1990, Hutus began killing Tutsis and other moderate Hutus… one of the worst cases of genocide in recent years Burundi Small country, large population Capital: Bujumbura Coffee is major export crop Landlocked, so overseas trade is difficult

17. The Horn of Africa • Ethiopia • 3rd in population behind Egypt and Nigeria • Only one of two nations to never have successful European colonization • Blue Nile begins in Ethiopia • Ethiopian Highlands in North and Central • Addis Ababa- capital city

18. Eritrea • Dominated by central plateau • Most live in poverty due to longest war for independence on African continent- Italian colony, annexed by Ethiopia, fought for 40 yrs Djibouti • Almost the size of Massachusetts • Guards the Bab al-Mandeb- entrance to the Red Sea • Most people live in capital city- Djibouti • Relies on other countries for food, very little arable land

19. Somalia • Occupies East coast of Horn • Bad relationship with neighbors- tried to annex places where Somalis lived • North- hilly, South- flat • Somalis- black African tribe that speaks Somali, Muslim, close ties with Saudi Arabia • Internal Strife- govcollaped in 91, US helped until 15 Americans died in a raid, UN withdrew in 95, in 2004 a new gov was put in place, North separated and declared independence (Somaliland) no one recognizes, but they elected their own president in 2003

20. Largest country in Africa • Very similar to Egypt culturally • Most speak Arabic • 70% Muslim • Independent in 1956, but struggle between Muslim North and Christian South hindered development for 50 yrs • 2003 Genocide- western Darfur region was hit with fighting btw two Muslim ethnic groups (200,000 lives lost) • Economic potential with discovery of oil in the North • Capital- Khartoum- sits where the Nile begins • Large areas of desert or swamp (Sudd) Sudan

21. South Sudan •  officially the Republic of South Sudan • Became a country in July 2011 • Suffered years of persecution and warfare • Needs to build basic infrastructure—schools, roads, hospitals •  Its current capital is Juba • 98.83% of the population voted for independence. Those living in the north and expatriates living overseas also voted • disputes still remain such as sharing of the oil revenues as an estimated 80% of the oil in the nation is secured from South Sudan, which would represent amazing economic potential • The regionof Abeyiremains disputed • Thousands still displaced

22. Eritrea • Djibouti • Comoros • Mozambique • Madagascar • Mauritius • Seychelles • Tanzania • South Atlantic • Indian Ocean • Red Sea • Mediterranean Sea for Chapter 13 Quiz • Sudan • Angola • Namibia • South Africa • Lesotho • Swaziland • Botswana • Zimbabwe • Zambia • Burundi • Rwanda • Uganda • Malawi • Kenya • Ethiopia • Somalia