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UNLOCK THE MYSTERIES TO AIR QUALITY

UNLOCK THE MYSTERIES TO AIR QUALITY. Bernadette Dupont, FHWA-KY June 2007. 6 Keys to Understanding Air Quality. Pollution Congress – Clean Air Act Federal Air Agency (EPA) State Air Agency (KYDAQ) State Department of Transportation (KYTC) Federal Funding Sources.

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UNLOCK THE MYSTERIES TO AIR QUALITY

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  1. UNLOCKTHE MYSTERIES TO AIR QUALITY Bernadette Dupont, FHWA-KY June 2007

  2. 6 Keys to Understanding Air Quality • Pollution • Congress – Clean Air Act • Federal Air Agency (EPA) • State Air Agency (KYDAQ) • State Department of Transportation (KYTC) • Federal Funding Sources

  3. 1st Key to Understanding:POLLUTION 3 Sources • Stationary • Area • Mobile • On-Road • Off-Road

  4. 1st Key to Understanding:POLLUTION Stationary Sources Fixed facilities such as: Factories Power Plants Chemical Process Industries Petroleum Refineries

  5. 1st Key to Understanding:POLLUTIONArea Sources • Small Stationary, Non-transportation Sources such as: • Dry Cleaners • Bakeries • Surface Coating Operations • Home Furnaces • Crop Burning

  6. 1st Key to Understanding:POLLUTIONMobile Sources – On-Road • On-Road Vehicles such as: • Cars • Trucks • Buses

  7. 1st Key to Understanding:POLLUTIONMobile Source – Off-Road Trains Ships and Boats Airplanes Lawnmowers Construction Equipment Farm Equipment

  8. 2nd Key to Understanding: CONGRESS • CLEAN AIR ACT (CAA) 1990 • Identified actions necessary to REDUCE emissions from on-road sources • Transportation Conformity Rule 1993-Revised March, 2006

  9. 3rd Key to Understanding:ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY • Sets National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) • Mandated to review NAAQS every 5 years

  10. 3rd Key to Understanding: EPAPollution Standards: • Primary Standard • Public Health (children, elderly, asthmatics) • Secondary Standard • Public Welfare • Soils, Water, Crops,Vegetation • Buildings, Property • Animals, Wildlife • Weather, Visibility • Transportation

  11. 3rd Key to Understanding: EPANational Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Transportation Related Pollutants include: • Carbon Monoxide (CO) • Particulate Matter • PM 10 • PM 2.5 • Ground Level Ozone (becomes Smog) • Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)

  12. 3rd Key to Understanding: EPA Particulate Matter

  13. 3rd Key to Understanding: EPAFine Particles Reduce Visibility Chicago - Summer 2000.Clear Day : PM 2.5 < 5 µg/m3

  14. 3rd Key to Understanding: EPAFine Particles Reduce Visibility Chicago - Summer 2000. Hazy Day : PM 2.5 = 35 µg/m3

  15. 3rd Key to Understanding: EPAFine Particles Reduce Visibility Atlanta

  16. 3rd Key to Understanding: EPA PM2.5 Designations • Boone • Boyd • Bullitt • Campbell • Jefferson • Kenton • Lawrence (p)

  17. 3rd Key to Understanding: EPAOZONE Ingredients Sunlight +Heat +VOC + NOx = Ozone

  18. 3rd Key to Understanding: EPAOZONE: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly • Good Ozone • ozone layer • screens out harmful • UV rays • Bad Ozone • smog/haze • harmful to elderly,children, people at risk • Ugly • designations

  19. 3rd Key to Understanding: EPAAir Quality Classifications • Attainment • Has NEVER violated the NAAQS • Non-Attainment • Is in violation of the NAAQS • Maintenance • Has violated the NAAQS BUT has once again attained the NAAQS • Has a maintenance plan

  20. 3rd Key to Understanding: EPA8-hour Ozone Standard • 4th highest reading in an 8-hr period • Use three most recent years of data • Average those reading • Average > .084 ppm = violation of standard

  21. 3rd Key to Understanding: EPA 8-hr Ozone Designations • Boone • Boyd • Bullitt • Campbell • Christian • Jefferson • Kenton • Oldham

  22. 4th Key to Understanding:STATE AIR AGENCY • Kentucky Environmental and Public Protection Cabinet’s Division for Air Quality (DAQ) • Develops State Implementation Plan (SIP) • Set Emission Budgets for each maintenance area

  23. 4th Key to Understanding: DAQState Implementation Plan (SIP) • States HOW the state will meet NAAQS for each pollutant • Performs a Regional Analysis on each county • Sets Emission Budgets for each type of pollutant • Each Pollution Source is assigned an emission reduction target

  24. 4th Key to Understanding: DAQExample Emission Budgets Pollution is measured in TONS PER DAY!!! Christian County

  25. 5th Key to Understanding:STATE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Responsible for: • Transportation Planning • Coordination of Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) • Building Transportation Projects • NOT exceeding the On-Road Motor Vehicle Emissions Budgets (MVEB)

  26. 5th Key to Understanding: KYTCConformity Process • Clean Air Act (CAA) and SAFETEA-LU require: Non-Attainment and Maintenance Areasintegrate transportation and air quality planning. • Transportation Conformity Rule (8/15/97) • Transportation Conformity Rule Revision (7/1/04) • Transportation Conformity Rule Revision for PM2.5(5/6/05)

  27. 5th Key to Understanding: KYTCConformity Process and NAAQS • Uses Key Documents to ensure that transportation projects meet air quality goals • An area that meets the requirements is in CONFORMITY • Projects can then be approved for federal funding

  28. 5th Key to Understanding: KYTCMetropolitan Planning Organizations (MPO) • Federal Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1973 • Populations > 50,000 must have an MPO • Populations > 200,000 are called Transportation Management Areas (TMA) • Consists of representatives from Local Governments and Transportation Authorities

  29. 5th Key to Understanding: KYTCKentucky’s MPOs • Ashland Area MPO (ASH) • Bowling Green Area MPO (BWG) • Cincinnati Area MPO (CIN) • Clarksville Area MPO (CLK) • Evansville Area MPO (EVN) • Lexington Area MPO (LEX) • Louisville Area MPO (LOU) • Owensboro Area MPO (OWN) • Radcliffe/Elizabethtown MPO (REZ)

  30. Metropolitan Planning Organizations

  31. 5th Key to Understanding: KYTCMPO’s Core Functions • Establish a fair and impartial setting to make regional decisions • Evaluate transportation alternatives • Involve the Public • Participate in Air Quality Planning • AND…

  32. 5th Key to Understanding: KYTCMPO’s Core Functions • Develop and Update 4 Key Documents: • Unified Planning Work Program (UPWP) • Public Participation Plan (PPP) • Transportation Plan (TP) • Transportation Improvement Program (TIP)

  33. 5th Key to Understanding: KYTCImportance of Key Documents • TP • Future Goals, Strategies and Projects • Updated every 5 years in attainment areas/ every 4 years in non-attainment and maintenance • Projected Emissions must be less than those identified in SIP • Otherwise, there is a LAPSE and projects will not receive federal funding. • TIP • Transportation Investments • Updated every 4 years

  34. 5th Key to Understanding: KYTCRural Areas KYTC Develops the: • State Transportation Plan (STP) • State Transportation Improvement Program (STIP) • Projected Emissions must be less than those identified in SIP • Otherwise, there is a LAPSE and projects are not receive Federal funding.

  35. Area Development Districts (ADDs)

  36. 6th Key to Understanding: FEDERAL FUNDING SOURCES • US Department of Transportation • Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) • Federal Transit Administration (FTA) • Flex Funding • EPA Programs • US Department of Energy • State Funding • Local Funding

  37. 6th Key to Understanding: FundingFEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION (FHWA) • Provides financial assistance to State and MPO’s to help reduce mobile emissions • CMAQ

  38. 6th Key to Understanding: FundingCongestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program (CMAQ) • FHWA Program started in 1991 • Funding for Non-attainment and Maintenance areas • Based on severity of Pollution and Population

  39. 6th Key to Understanding: FHWA CMAQ Projects FHWA funding is for projects that reduce congestion and/or improve air quality • Transit Improvements • Shared-Ride Services • Traffic Flow Improvements • Pedestrian and Bicycle Programs • Construction of High-Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes • Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) Programs • Transportation Demand Strategies

  40. 6th Key to Understanding: FundingFEDERAL TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION (FTA) Provides funding for: • Transit projects • Fixed Rail Transit • Rail Modernization • Buses and Bus Facilities • Other Public Transit Projects

  41. 6th Key to Understanding: FHWAFlex Funding • Surface Transportation Program (STP) in SAFETEA-LU • Transit • Transportation Demand Management • Other Strategies that reduce emissions

  42. CONCLUSION 6 Keys to Understanding Air Quality • Pollution • Congress • Federal Air Agency (EPA) • State Air Agency (KYDAQ) • State Department of Transportation (KYTC) • Federal Funding Sources • Transportation Conformity is Critical to receiving Transportation Funds

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