“Entering the World Stage”

1. “Entering the World Stage” 1898-1917

2. Lecture 7.1“The Lure of Imperialism” DRQ 7.1 From what you learned last year, Name at least 3 nations that were “Scrambling” to carve up Africa During the Late 1800’s

3. A. Imperialist Activity • Imperialism of the late 1800’s • Economic interests • new markets to sell products • new sources of raw materials • Military needs • strategic naval bases • Ideology • strong sense of nationalism • cultural superiority • Christian conversion • The scramble for territory • U.S. wants to join European race

4. B. Taking Control of Hawaii • Early contact • 1820’s – U.S. begins trading • Sugar interests gain power • U.S. sugar tycoons profited • Plotting against the king • King Kalakaua forced to sign “bayonet constitution” • End of the monarchy • 1893 – Queen Liliuokalani forced from power • Sanford B. Dole takes power • Annexation • 1898 – Hawaii becomes a territory • 1959 – Hawaii becomes the 50th state

5. C. Influence in China • European spheres of influence • 1899 – John Hay proposes the Open Door Policy • equal trading rights in China • 1900 – U.S. trades with China • 1900 – Boxer Rebellion begins • anti-foreign sentiment • Western nations send troops • rebellion put down • increases support for Open Door Policy

6. D. Influence in Japan • 1853 – Commodore Perry visits • forces Tokyo to open trade • Japan begins modernizing • 1904 - The Russo-Japanese War breaks out • TR – Treaty of Portsmouth • TR receives Nobel Peace Prize • Japan emerges as world power • TR sends Great White Fleet on world tour • impress nations with our power

7. Lecture 7.2“The Spanish-American War” DRQ 7.2 List and briefly Describe 3 reasons why the U.S. Became involved with Imperialist activity in the late 1800’s

8. E. Simmering Unrest in Cuba • 1890’s – Spain controlled Cuba • Jose Marti – Cuban revolutionary • works for Cuban independence • 1895 – killed in battle as a hero • 1896 – Spain sends Gen. Valeriano Weyler to Cuba • sets up prison camps for rebels • death rate leads to nickname “butcher” Weyler

9. F. Americans Get War Fever • The media’s role • two widely read newspapers • New York Journal – William Randolph Hearst • New York World – Joseph Pulitzer • both used yellow journalism • made up stories to sell papers • The explosion of the Maine • Hearst send Remington to Cuba • “You furnish the pictures, I’ll furnish the war” • The de’ Lome letter published • ridiculed Pres. McKinley • angered Americans • The U.S.S. Maine explodes • Americans blame Spain – want war • 1898 – U.S. declares war

10. G. The Course of the War • War in the Philippines • TR readies Commodore Dewey • U.S. fleet sails to Manila Bay • destroys the Spanish fleet • Emilio Aquinaldo leads rebels • The War in Cuba • Congress adopts Teller Amendment • U.S. unprepared – uniforms, meat • TR leads the Rough Riders • Battle of San Juan Hill • Buffalo soldiers take Santiago • Spanish fleet destroyed in Santiago • Consequences of the War • U.S. gains Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines, and control of Cuba • U.S. becomes a world power

11. H. Annexing the Philippines • Arguments for annexation • U.S. should spread values • economic and strategic value • Opponents’ views • violation of American ideals • correct racial problems at home • fear of increased immigration • American rule • 1899 – U.S. annexed the Philippines • Aguinaldo takes military action • thousands are killed in fighting • 1901 – fighting ends – U.S. control • 1946 – U.S. grants independence

12. Lecture 7.3“Roosevelt and Latin America” DRQ 7.3 Name at least 1 cause and 1 effect of the Spanish-American War

13. I. Cuba and Puerto Rico • Yellow fever in Cuba • Dr. Reed and Dr. Gorgas work to eliminate yellow fever • U.S. control over Cuba • Platt Amendment added • gives U.S. virtual political control • Cuba becomes a protectorate • Governing Puerto Rico • Congress passes the Foraker Act • policy for governing the country • 1917 – citizenship granted • 1952 – self-governing commonwealth • today – PR government has more control

14. J. The Panama Canal • Faster route between oceans • U.S. interest in a canal • rights gained from France • Columbia won’t sign treaty • Panama’s revolution • TR supports Panamanian revolution • U.S. gets rights to canal zone • Building the Panama Canal • 1904 – work begins – bad conditions • deaths, disease, accidents • 1907 – Lt. Col. Goethals takes over • “genius of the Panama Canal” • 1914 – Panama Canal opens

15. K. The Roosevelt Corollary • 1823 – Monroe Doctrine • European/American involvement • loans provided to L.A. countries • some countries can’t pay back • TR issues the Roosevelt Corollary • adds to the Monroe Doctrine • U.S. would act as “police power” • TR - Big Stick Diplomacy • “Speak softly and carry a big stick” • U.S. assumes some L.A. debt

16. L. Reshaping U.S. Diplomacy • Taft’s “dollar diplomacy” • promoting American economic interests in L.A. • help promote U.S. political policies • caused resentment in some nations • U.S. bought out European loans • Wilson’s “moral diplomacy” • use of persuasion and American ideals to advance policies • did send troops to Haiti and Dominican Republic

17. Lecture 7.4“Wilson and the Mexican Revolution” DRQ 7.4 Name and Briefly describe the diplomatic policy that each of the following presidents followed in regards to Latin America Roosevelt Taft Wilson

18. M. Dictatorship Sparks a Revolution • The Diaz dictatorship • 1910 – Porfirio Diaz limits freedoms • uses U.S. investment to benefit the wealthy • Overthrowing Diaz • Jails opponent Francisco Madera • Rigs the election • Madera calls for revolution • 1910 – Mexican Revolution begins • South - Emiliano Zapata leads rebels • North – Francisco “Pancho” Villa • 1911 – Diaz resigns – flees to France • Shaky leadership • 1911 – Madera elected president • 1913 - Victoriano Huerta takes over

19. N. The U.S. Intervenes • Wilson’s “watchful waiting” • does not recognize Huerta’ gov. • The Tampico incident • 1914 – 9 U.S. sailors arrested • U.S. demands apology – refused • Congress approves military use • Occupying Veracruz • Battle of Veracruz • U.S. Marines occupy Veracruz • Prevent German weapons to Huerta • “ABC powers” negotiate end • Huerta resigns – flees to Spain

20. O. The Revolution Concludes • 1914 – Venustiano Carranza takes over with U.S. support • Villa and Zapata oppose • Villa raids Columbus, NM • kills 17 Americans • first armed invasion since War of 1812 • Pursuing Pancho Villa • Gen. John J. Pershing sent in • 10,000 troops – 11 months – never captured Villa • 1917 – focus shifts to WWI • relations remained strained • A new constitution for Mexico • 1916 – Carranza calls convention • 1917 – new constitution in effect