Unit IV: Nutrition

1. What do humans need from the environment? Unit IV: Nutrition The foods we eat and how we process it.

2. A. Nutrition 1. The life activity involved in obtaining _____________. a. __________ = taking in of nutrients b. __________ = breaking down of nutrients c. __________ = elimination of unused foods

3. 2. Nutrients - environmental _________ necessary for life - used for ________ - used to create _____ and body parts a. Macronutrients Macronutrients are nutrients that the body needs in _________ quantities 1. ________________ - Examples: ________________ candy, cookies, pasta, bread, potatoes, oats - Source of __________ for the body - Specific Carbs: Glucose, Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose, Glycogen, Cellulose

4. 2. _______________ Examples: Meat, fish, eggs, beans Building blocks for components of the __________________ Muscle, hair, nails, skin, enzymes Proteins are made of ______________ Essential Amino Acids: Isoleucine, Leucine, lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan and Valine.

5. 3. Lipids Examples: _______, Oils, and Waxes Used for: Insulation Protection Cell membranes, _____________

6. Two Types of Fats: 1. Saturated Fats filled with hydrogen atoms, solid at room temperature generally they are ________________ 2. Unsaturated Monounsaturated Polyunstaturated _______________

7. b. Micronutrients •Vitamins ◦A – _____________________________________ ◦B – ______________________________ ◦C – ________________________ ◦D – _______________ ◦E – ___________________________________ ◦K – ____________

8. •Minerals ◦Calcium – ___________________ ◦Folic Acid – ________________ ◦Iron – _________________ ◦Magnesium – ________________ ◦Phosphorus – _____________ ◦Potassium – ____________________________ ◦Zinc – ________________

9. 3. Heterotrophic Nutrition a. Organisms need to obtain preformed organic molecule ______________________ eat the products from another organism b. Types of Heterotrophs Herbivore – ___________ Carnivore – ___________ Omnivore – ____________________ Detritivore – ____________________

10. B. Human Nutrition 1. Nutritional Requirements Depends upon: _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ Eat a variety of foods Calories = amount of energy in food Pay attention to what you eat

12. 2. Human Digestive System a. also known as: alimentary canal, Gastrointestinal tract (GI) b. ________________________ the inside of your digestive system is exposed to the outside environment c.________________ – happens outside of cells d. 3 Processes Ingestion Digestion Egestion

13. d. Organs of the Human Digestive System 1. ____________ __________ ____________________ Make into smaller pieces – this increases the surface area of the food _______ – salivary glands, moistens food so it can slide down ___________________ Change the molecules that make up the food Done by enzymes  Amylase = enzyme Starch  Glucose

14. 2. Pharynx back of the ________, where the “wind pipe” and “food pipe” come together ___________ – small flap of muscle that directs food down the esophagus 3. _____________ muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach ____________ – muscular contractions that push food down the digestive system Peristalsis Video

15. 4. ____________ Strong muscular storage sac ___________________ – Stomach muscles crush and churn food ___________________ _____________ = Pepsin (enzyme) + Hydrochloric Acid Digests proteins into amino acids

16. 5. ____________ Makes digestive _________ for small intestine 6. _________ Makes ________ (waste) emulsifies fats Gall Bladder – “bag” under the liver that holds bile Food does not enter the pancreas nor the liver Liver and pancreas are called _____________________

17. 7. __________________ Long convoluted tube ________________________________ Enzymes from pancreas - Amylase, Protease, Lipase Mechanically digests Lipids - uses bile from liver to emulsify fats ____________ of nutrients villi and microvilli – small projections of the small intestine wall ______________________ – absorbs more materials

18. 8. _________________ also known as the Colon Shorter than the small intestine Many beneficial ___________ live in the large intestine Reabsorbs __________ , some vitamins and minerals Undigested food = feces - Egested through anus defecation

19. 3. Diseases / Disorders of the Human Digestive System Scurvy – Johnny Stomach Cancer - Johanna Ulcers - Alan Acid reflux - Elard Appendicitis Diarrhea & Constipation - Kesha Pellagra Anorexia Nervosa & Bulimia - Jocelyn Kwashiorkor Dysentery Crohn Disease    Colitis Irritable Bowel Syndrome Diverticulitis - Megan E. coli – Food poisoning - Ashley