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Réseaux et Télécommunications

Réseaux et Télécommunications. 4 - Introduction aux réseaux par satellite Edoardo Berera Telelinea. Plan. Orbits and coverage: GEO, MEO, LEO Broadcast, point-to-point “Bent-pipe” vs. on-board processing Examples Iridium Globalstar EuroSkyWay SkyBridge Teledesic Sky Station e-BIRD 1 .

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Réseaux et Télécommunications

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  1. Réseaux et Télécommunications 4 - Introduction aux réseaux par satellite Edoardo Berera Telelinea

  2. Plan • Orbits and coverage: GEO, MEO, LEO • Broadcast, point-to-point • “Bent-pipe” vs. on-board processing • Examples • Iridium • Globalstar • EuroSkyWay • SkyBridge • Teledesic • Sky Station • e-BIRD 1

  3. Satellites • From Sputnik... to military • Since the first russian Sputnik satellite in 1957 : • 5000 satellites have been launched • 2500 are still in orbit • Half of them are used by the military

  4. Civilian usage • The remaining ones (> 1200) are used for: • telecommunications (Telecom-1, Telecom-2,...) • television (Astra, HotBird 5, ...) • meteorology (Meteosat, Med Hycos) • earth observation (Landsat, Spot) • astronomy (Hubble) • 2000 are expected to be launched in the next 10 years, including a number of satellite constellations.

  5. Orbits • GEO Geostationary (or geosynchronous) : • 36000 km • MEO Medium Earth Orbit : • 1500 - 10000 km • LEO Low Earth Orbit : • < 1500 km

  6. Coverage

  7. Broadcast

  8. X “Bent Pipe” (Mirror) • VSAT Very Small Aperture Terminal • Terrestrial Switching Center • Two bonds

  9. On Board Processing (Switching) • One bond x

  10. Iridium • Consortium: • Motorola main contractor • Operational service since November 1998 • $ 5 bn, 7 years • 66 LEO fast-moving satellites (+ 14 spares), • 780 km • Unique inter-satellite "cross-links" • 11 earth stations

  11. Globalstar • Consortium • Loral Space and Communications • Qualcomm • France Telecom • Vodafone Group (UK) • Hong Kong Telecom • Service operational since September 1999 • $ 3 bn • 48 LEO satellites (+ 4 back-up), 1400 km • 50 earth stations • Primary market is "cellular network extension" • Call price: 0.70 €/min

  12. EuroSkyWay • Aggregate capacity • 45 Gbps • cluster of five satellites • geostationary satellites • Digital on-board processing (OBP) • Inter-satellite links (ISL) • Alenia Aerospazio

  13. Terminals

  14. Coverage and antennas

  15. Africa and West Asia

  16. Consortium: Alcatel Loral Space & Communications Toshiba Mitsubishi Constellation 80 LEO satellites 1469 km Space segment cost: $4.2 bn Ground segment cost: $1.9 bn By working through local operators, SkyBridge is positioned as a local access system, “DSL in the sky” solving the "last mile problem" as well as providing Universal Service worldwide low cost terminals ( < $500) 20 Mbps down-link / 2 Mbps up-link per residential user 100 Mbps down-link / 10 Mbps up-link per business user SkyBridge

  17. Teledesic Project • Bill Gates (Microsoft) • Craig McCaw (McCaw Cellular now sold to AT&T) • Prince Alwaleed of Saudi Arabia • Boeing and Motorola • Initially 840, now down to 288 LEO satellites at 700 km • $ 9 bn • Subscribers service at 64 Mb/s downlink and 2 Mb/s uplink • Broadband terminals at 64 Mb/s bidirectional

  18. Sky Station Project • Telecommunications • Earth Sciences Applications • 250 Sky Stations (157 x 62 m) • 22 km (stratosphere) • coverage 20 000 km2 • 2 - 10 Mb/s • Alenia Aerospazio • Thomson-CSF • Daimler-Benz Aerospace • COMSAT Laboratories • United Solar Systems Corp

  19. e-BIRD 1 • Eutelsat, Paris • Boeing satellite • Ariane 5 launch Sep. 2003 • Operational Nov. 2003 • Internet broadband service

  20. References • Aleniaspazio EuroSkyWay • Globalstar • SkyBridge • Teledesic • Sky Station • Eutelsat • http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/L.Wood/constellations/orbcomm.html

  21. High Speed Networks 5 - Fiber Optic Networks Edoardo Berera Telelinea

  22. Plan • Fiberoptic cables • UNSA: ATM & Gigabit networks • Renater 2 • NTI • TEN-155 / GEANT • FLAG • SEA-ME-WE 3 • Project OXYGEN

  23. Fiberoptic Cables

  24. UNSA • Backbone • ATM 155 Mb/s • User access • IP over ATM • Ethernet 10/100 Mb/s

  25. UNSA • Backbone • ATM 155 Mb/s • Evolution to Gigabit/s campus network • Tests Commutateurs Gigabit Ethernet • User access • IP over ATM • Ethernet 10/100 Mb/s

  26. Gigabit Ethernet

  27. Renater 2 • Réseau National de Télécommunication pour l’Enseignement et la Recherche • IPv4 et IPv6 (G6)

  28. NTI • Noeud de Transit International

  29. TEN-155 • Trans-European Network • 155 Mb/s

  30. GEANT

  31. FLAG • Fiber Link Around the Globe

  32. FLAG Cable • Two fibre pairs - each operating at 5 Gb/s. • Over 28,000 kilometres of cable. • 120,000 digital circuits operating at 64 kb/s. • Up to 600,000 simultaneous conversations per segment. • 326 erbium-doped optical amplifiers. • Four fibre-switched branching units. • Diversely routed land crossings - two in Egypt and two in Thailand. • Operational since November 22, 1997 • Installed and commissioned in 27 months • Cost 1.5 B$

  33. Erbium doped optical amplifier Source: IEEE Spectrum

  34. SEA-ME-WE 3 • South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe 3 • Germany to Australia, Taiwan, Korea and Japan • operational since August 30, 1999 • 38 000 Km, 2 pairs of fibers • direct optical amplification • wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) • 8 wavelengths (colors) per pair of fibers • bypass units allow the insertion/extraction of one or two colors per fiber • 30 000 telephone circuits per wavelength • 483 840 digital 64 kb/s circuits • 33 countries, 25 years of lifetime, 1.5 B$

  35. WDM and DWDM • Wavelength Division Multiplexing • Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing Source: S.V. Kartalopoulos, « Introduction to DWDM Technology: Data in a Rainbow », chapter 5, IEEE/SPIE

  36. Project OXYGEN • Neil Tagare, the originator of the FLAG cable • Bechtel Corporation is OXYGEN's project manager • Lehman Brothers serves as its financial advisor • 169000 km • DWDM technology • 2.56 terabits of capacity • 97 landing points in 76 countries • Initial budget 15 B$

  37. Phase 1B Egypt - Port Said Egypt - Alexandria France - Antibes Gibraltar - Gibraltar Greece - Athens Ireland - Dublin Israel - Tel Aviv Italy - Genoa Italy - Lido Di Ostia Lebanon - Beirut Malta - Valletta Monaco - Monaco Spain - Conil Spain - Barcelona Syria - Tartus Tunisia - Tunis Turkey - Izmir U.K. - Fareham U.S.A. - Tuckerton Landing Points

  38. Project OXYGEN • Subscription price • 10 M$ for 1.24 Gb/s network access for 25 years • plus 9% per year for Operations and Maintenance of Network and Terminal Station

  39. References • CRI, UNSA • Renater • DANTE • FLAG • FCR • Project OXYGEN

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