Basics of Instrumental Analysis

1. Basics of Instrumental Analysis Dr Fadhl Alakwa www.Fadhl-alakwa.weebly.com UST-Yemen Biomedical Department

2. Blood (Purpose and components) • Blood is the fluid that circulates trough the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries carrying nourishment, electrolytes, hormones, vitamins, antibodies, heat and oxygen to body tissues and taken a way waste matter and carbon dioxide. • Blood is composed of cells and plasma.

3. Blood cell Portion • Red blood cells • White blood cells • Platelets

4. Red blood cells • Disc-shaped cells • Contain no nucleus • Live 120 days • Number 4.5 to 5.5 million cells/mm3 • Each RBC contains 4 iron atoms in a structure known as the hemoglobin

5. White blood cells • Amoeba like cells • Contain a nucleus • Live 20 days • Number 6 to 10 thousands cells/mm3 • They are present in the lymph fluid and engulf invading bacteria and foreign substances to destroy the invaders’ effect.

6. Platelets • They are cell fragments • Contain no nucleus • Number 200 to 800 thousands cells/mm3 • Blood coagulation and clotting

7. Blood plasma • Plasma proteins • Plasma nutrients-energy-storing • Regulatory and protective substances • Plasma electrolytes • Metabolic waste substances

8. Plasma proteins • Albumins • Fibrinogen and prothrombin • Globulin

9. Plasma nutrients-energy-storing • Glucose (blood sugar) • Lipids (fats) • Amino acids (Proteins for tissue growth)

10. Regulatory and protective substances • Enzymes • Hormones • Antibodies

11. Plasma electrolytes-acid-base • Na+ • K+ • Cl-

12. Metabolic waste substances • Urea • Uric http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_ranges_for_common_blood_tests

13. Purpose of M. L. I. The purpose of medical laboratory instrumentation is to provide a means of measuring required substances and metabolic waste products in urine and blood.

14. Instrumental Analysis is the Base for All the Modern Sciences Instrumental Analysis will give quick answers on (1) what species is a certain system (qualitative) and (2) How many of them (quantitative). Analytical chemistry is critical to our understanding of biochemistry, medicinal chemistry, geochemistry, environmental science, atmospheric chemistry, materials science, metallurgy, biology, pharmacology, agricultural science, food science, geology, and other fields.

15. Qualitative analysis • Qualitative analysis is the branch of analytical chemistry that is concerned with questions • such as “What makes this water smell bad?”, “Is there gold in this rock sample?”, “Is this sparkling stone a diamond or cubic zirconia?”, “Is this plastic item made of polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene or polycarbonate?”, or “What is this white powder?”

16. Quantitative Analysis • When qualitative analysis is completed, the next question is often “How much of each or any component is present?” or “Exactly how much gold is this rock?” or “How much of the organochlorine pesticide dieldrin is in this drinking water?” • The determination of how much is quantitative analysis.

17. Concentration Unit • Many analytical results are expressed as the concentration of the measured substance in a certain amount of sample. The measured substance is called the analyte. • Commonly used concentration units include molarity (moles of substance per liter of solution), weight percent (grams of substance per gram of sample 100%), and units for trace levels of substances. • One part per million (ppm) by weight is one microgram of analyte in a gram of sample, that is, 1 x 10-6 g analyte/g sample. µg/g • One part per billion (ppb) by weight is one nanogram of element in a gram of sample or 1 x 10-9 g analyte/g sample. • parts per trillion of the element, that is, picograms of element per gram of sample (1 x10-12 g analyte/g sample).

18. Concentration Unit? • To give you a feeling for these quantities, a million seconds is 12 days (11.57 days, to be exact). One part per million in units of seconds would be one second in 12 days. • A part per billion in units of seconds would be 1 s in 32 years, and • one part per trillion is one second in 32,000 years.

19. Terminology • A sample may be homogeneous, that is, it has the same chemical composition everywhere within the sample. Like the salt water. • Many samples are heterogeneous; the composition varies from region to region within the sample.

22. undergraduate instrumental analysis page 9,10,11,12

23. undergraduate instrumental analysis page 9,10,11,12 ت 1: مطلوب تصنيف لاستخدامات الاجهزه الموجوده في الصفحات من الكتاب 9 الي 12؟

27. Basics of Instrumental Analysis Stimulus Response Energy Source Analytical Information Sample Information processor Data domain of Transduced information Input transducer Readout

28. Basics of Instrumental Analysis • All instruments measure some chemical or physical characteristic of the sample, such as • how much light is absorbed by the sample at a given wavelength, • the mass-to charge ratio of an ion produced from the sample, • or the change in conductivity of a wire as the sample passes over it.

29. Basics of Instrumental Analysis • A detector of some type makes the measurement and the detector response is converted to an electrical signal. • The electrical signal should be directly related to the chemical or physical property being measured and that should be related to the amount of analyte present.

30. Selecting Analytical Instruments In order to select an analytical method intelligently, it is essential to define clearly the nature of the analytical problem. Such a definition requires answers to the following questions: 1. What accuracy is required? 2. How much sample is available? 3. What is the concentration range of the analyte? 4. What components of the sample will cause interference? 5. What are the physical and chemical properties of the sample matrix? 6. How many samples are to be analyzed?

32. ت2: مطلوب مقارنه لصنف واحد من الاجهزه لموديلات مختلفه بحسب الخصائص المذكوره؟

33. Precision and Accuracy Not precise Not accurate Not precise But accurate Precise And accurate Precise But not accurate

34. Medical laboratory department • Facilities • Personnel • Equipment ت3: مطلوب وضع مواصفات عمليه لمختبر بما فيها الرسومات الكروكيه لمساحه المختبر واماكن الاجهزه والتهويه والتعقيم والتصميم الامثل؟

35. Facilities • Must includes a clean, safe surrounding with a special area for sterilization of contaminated blood urine samples and equipment • Sufficient storage and cleaning areas must be designated

36. Personnel • Physician • Medical technologist (equipment operator) • Supervisor

37. Equipment • Glassware, centrifuges, suction devices • Colorimeter Is an optical device that measures the color concentration of a substance in solution • Flame photometer Is an optical electronic device that measures the color intensity of substance that have been aspirated into a flame (sodium and potassium)

38. Equipment • Spectrophotometer Is optical device that measure light absorption at various wavelengths for a given liquid sample. • Blood cell analyzer Is a device to measures the number of red and white blood cells per scaled volume. The aperture impedance and flow cytometery

39. Equipment • Ph/ blood gas analyzer Is a device which measure blood Ph, Po2, Pco2 • Chromatograph and Autoanalyzer Is a electromechanical device used to separate, identify, and measure the concentration of substances in a liquid medium. • Computer based record and operation system