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Aquatic Prokaryotes

Aquatic Prokaryotes. Prokaryotes: without a nucleus, very small, relatively simple Kingdom Archaebacteria Kingdom Eubacteria Eukaryotes: with a nucleus, bigger, more complex Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia. Microbes Overview.

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Aquatic Prokaryotes

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  1. Aquatic Prokaryotes

  2. Prokaryotes: without a nucleus, very small, relatively simple • Kingdom Archaebacteria • Kingdom Eubacteria • Eukaryotes: with a nucleus, bigger, more complex • Kingdom Protista • Kingdom Fungi • Kingdom Plantae • Kingdom Animalia Microbes Overview

  3. Live in extreme environments • Less complex cell wall and over all structure • Three main groups: • Methanogens • Extreme Halophiles • Extreme Thermophiles Kingdom Archaebacteria

  4. Unique form of energy metabolism • Use Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen to produce Methane • Strict Anaerobes: poisoned by Oxygen • Important decomposers (used in sewage treatment) • Very important role living in the guts of cellulose-consuming animals • Cattle, termites, and other herbivores Methanogens

  5. Swamp Methanogens in biofilm Henry Aldrich, haldrich@micro.ifas.ufl.edu

  6. Methanogen found in sandy biofilm Characteristics of a methanogenic biofilm on sand particles in a fluidized bed reactor, Lat. Am. appl. res. vol.35 no.4 Bahía Blanca Oct./Dec. 2005

  7. Methanogen found near an offshore oil well Complete genome sequence of Methanoplanuspetrolearius type strain, Stand. Genomic Sci. 2010 3:2 ISSN 1944-3277 doi:10.4056/sigs.1183143

  8. Thrive in hot environments • Many metabolize sulfur • Maybe the most closely related to Eukaryotes Thermophiles

  9. Thermophiles found in Yellowstone National Park http://yellowstonethermophiles.com/Forum.html Mike Bryers

  10. Thermophiles found in Yellowstone National Park www.ryanjordan.com

  11. Thermophilic bacteria from a hydrothermal vent Credit: Julie Huber / Marine Biological Laboratory

  12. Tehrmophilic Bacterial mat found near an undersea volcano 640 Feet deep http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov

  13. Live in salty environments • Some just tolerate salt • Some actually require an environment 10 times saltier than saltwater • Colonies of halophiles form a purple-red scum • Use bacteriorhodopsin instead of chlorophyll for photosynthesis Halophiles

  14. Halophiles near the Great Salt Lakes

  15. Halophiles in Owens lake, california

  16. Halobacteriumsalinarium Credit: NASA

  17. Proteobacteria • Alpha Proteobacteria • Beta Proteobacteria • Gamma Proteobacteria • Delta Proteobacteria • Epsilon Proteobacteria • Chlamydias • Spirochetes • Cyanobacteria • Gram-Positive Bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria

  18. Proteobacteria: gram-negative (cell wall lacking peptidoglycan) • Named after Greek god of the sea, Proteus (capable of assuming many shapes) • Very diverse, taxonomy based upon rRNA (ribosomal RNA) sequences Kingdom Eubacteria

  19. Alpha Proteobacteria: • Most are symbiotic with a eukaryotic host • Example: Rhizobium sp. live in roots and ‘fix’ nitrogen gas • Thought to be the ancestors of mitochondria in Eukaryotes Kingdom Eubacteria: Proteobacteria

  20. Alpha proteobacteriaRhizobium sp. In the root nodules of a pea plant http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/16monera.htm

  21. Beta Proteobacteria: • Free-living and symbiotic • Key roles in chemical cycles of ecosystems • Nitrogen cycle and nitrosomonas sp. and Nitrobactersp. Kingdom Eubacteria: Beta Proteobacteria

  22. Nitrobacter sp. Eva Spieck, Universität Hamburg

  23. Nitrosomonas sp.

  24. Purple Bacteria: • Photoautotrophs • Obligate anerobes that extract electrons from molecules other than H2O, like H2S (producing sulfurs) • Smelly mud • Many are flagellated Kingdom Eubacteria: Alpha and Beta Proteobacteria

  25. Purple Bacteria http://www.nicerweb.com/bio1100/Locked/media/ch01/kingdom_Bacteria.html

  26. Purple bacteria in a sulfur spring Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology and Pennsylvania State University

  27. Some Autotrophic: obtain energy by oxidizing H2S instead of H2O, results in sulfur as a byproduct • Others are methane oxidizers that live symbiotically in oceanic geothermal vent dwelling organisms • Others oxidize Arsenic (maybe extraterrestrial?) • Some Heterotrophic: • some are pathogens like Salmonella and Klebsiellapneumoniae • Some are normally not like Escherichia coli Kingdom Eubacteria: Gamma Proteobacteria

  28. Kingdom Eubacteria: Gamma Proteobacteria University of Delaware

  29. Many are pathogenic to animals and are responsible for things like ulcers and blood poisoning • Some are found near deep-sea vents where they oxidize chemicals like methane and sulfur Kingdom Eubacteria: Epsilon Proteobacteria De Wood, Pooley, USDA, ARS, EMU

  30. Chlamydias: gram-negative as well • Parasites that can only live within animal cells: Chlamydia (most common STD in the USA) • Spirochetes: Helical in shape • Many are free-living, Chemoheterotrophs • but many are notorious parasites • Syphilis and Lyme disease • Distiguished by the flagella which run lengthwise along the body Kingdom Eubacteria

  31. Cyanobacteria: • Known as ‘blue-green algae’ • Photoautotrophs: only prokaryotes with plantlike, oxygen-generating photosynthesis • Their first apperence in early Earth evolution probably resulted in the atmosphere becoming oxygen-rich • Likely ancestors of chloroplasts • Abundant wherever there is water and provide an enormous amount of food to aquatic ecosystems • Some species are symbiotic: • Lichen: provides the fungus growing on trees with nutrients Kingdom Eubacteria

  32. Cyanobacteria http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/Evolution/stromatolites2.htm

  33. Cyanobacteria Bloom Lamiot, via wikicommons

  34. Stromatolites: fossilized cyanobacteria colonies Cyanobacteria Paul Harrsion http://www.astro.wisc.edu/~townsend/static.php?ref=diploma-6

  35. Gram-Positive Bacteria: • Gram-positive because of the presence of peptidoglycan in their cell walls • Very diverse • Some are pathogens causing tuberculosis, leprosy, anthrax, botulism, strep throat, and many more • Most are decomposers living in soil, (by the way: partially responsible for the smell of dirt) Kingdom Eubacteria

  36. Decomposers: breakdown corpses, dead vegetation, and waste products, and thereby unlocking supplies of carbon, nitrogen, and other elements • Without these and other decomposers all life would cease • Some use CO2 to make organic compounds which is then passed up through the food chain • Some produce atmospheric Oxygen (cyanobacteria) • Others convert nitrogen to usable forms (nitrogen fixation and nitrification) Prokaryotes and chemical recycling

  37. Symbiosis (greek for ‘living together): ecological relationship where two organisms live in close contact with eachother • Prokaryotes often form symbiotic relationships with others • Host and symbiont • Mutualism: relationship where both benefit • Commensalism: one benefits and other is not effected • Parasitism: one eats the other but does not kill it immediately (unlike a predator) Prokaryotes and Ecological Interactions

  38. The well-being of many eukaryotes (including yourself) depend on the mutualistic prokaryotes • Human intestines are home to an estimated 500-1,000 species of bacteria • Bacterial cells in a body outnumber all human cells by as much as 10 times! • They perform a variety of roles including breaking down foods that we can’t (plant matter especially) Prokaryotes and Ecological Interactions

  39. Use of E. coli in gene cloning • Bioremediation: use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air, or water • Anaerobic bacteria and archaea decompose the organic matter in sewage to be used in fertilizer • Cleaning up oil spills • Removing radioactive material from groundwater • Bacteria now used to make natural biodegradable plastics (normally made from petroleum) • Through genetic engineering, bacteria are modified to produce vitamins, antibiotics, hormones and other products • Researchers are also engineering bacteria that can produce ethanol from various forms of biomass with the hopes of reducing fossil fuel use Prokaryotes in research and Technology

  40. Great symbiotic example: bioluminescence Bill Rudman

  41. Great symbiotic example: bioluminescence http://www.ecosystm.org/squid_glowing_bacteria_work_well_together.htm

  42. Great symbiotic example: bioluminescence http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/0305/04-glow-08.html

  43. Great symbiotic example: bioluminescence Karen Osborn of Scripps Oceanography

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