HEALTH LAW AND BIOETHICS Professor Helena Pereira de Melo

1. HEALTH LAW AND BIOETHICSProfessor Helena Pereira de Melo Informed consent and patient autonomy 2nd CYCLE – YEAR 2013/2014 ALEXANDRA PATKOVÁ - 003889 Lisbon, 23th April 2014

2. Content • 1. What is Patient Autonomy • 2. What is informed consent • 3. Components of Informed Consent • 2.1 Decision making capacity • 2.2 Disclosure • 4. Documentation of Consent • 5. The right to refuse treatment • 6. Clinical Trials and Research • 7. Children and Consent • 8. Problems with Informed Consent • 9. Is the right to consent absolute right? • 10. Model Case

3. 1.What is Patient Autonomy? • Medical ethics - a system of moral principles that apply values and judgments to the practice of medicine (4 principles: autonomy,beneficence, non-maleficence,justice) • Principle of Respect for Autonomy • autonomy - the capacity for self-determination - person’sright to make choices on own values • personshould be free from coercion in deciding to act + others are obligated to protectconfidentiality, respect privacy, and tell the truth.

4. Patient Autonomy • the right of patients to make decisions about their medical care without their health care providertrying to influence the decision. • does not allow the health care provider to make the decision for the patient. • refers to the capability and right of patients to control the course of their own medical treatment + participate in the treatment decision-making process. • In health care - exercised through the process ofobtaining Informed Consent

5. Autonomy- the patient has the right to refuse or choose their treatment • Justice - fairness and equality • Beneficence - takingactions that serve the best interests of patients • Non-maleficence - "first, do no harm„; not absolute, and balances against the principle of beneficence as the effects of the two principles together often give rise to a double effect(the use of morphine in the dying patient – 1.beneficial effect of easing the pain – 2.maleficent effect of shortening the life)

6. Conflicts between autonomy and beneficence/non-maleficence • When the patient's interests conflict with the patient's welfare. (western medicine - patient make his own decisions/many other societies - prioritize beneficence over autonomy) • when a patient does not want a treatment because of, for example, religious or cultural views. • The role of surrogate medical decision makers is an extension of the principle of autonomy. • autonomy and beneficence/non-maleficence may also overlap

7. 2. What is informed consent • Informationabout a particular treatment or test - to decide whether or not you wish to undergo such treatment or test. • Part of Universal Declaration of HR, The European Charter of HR • Truthfulness and honesty • Processof understanding the risks and benefits. • Explicit (written) consent-formore invasive tests with significant risksor alternatives • Exceptions: • an emergency • incompetence

9. 3. Components of Informed Consent • 4 components: A- the capacity (or ability) to make the decision B- disclosure ofinformation on the by medical provide with the expected benefits and risks C- comprehension D- voluntarily grant consent (no coercion/duress)

10. 3.1 Decision making capacity • referred to the legal term competency(=legal term used to indicate that a person has the ability to make and be held responsible for decisions. Personcan only be declared "incompetent" by a court of law) • The components: • The ability to understand the options • The ability to understand the consequences of the options • The ability to evaluate the personal cost and benefit of each of the consequences • not able to do all of the components – e.g family members = "surrogate decision-makers„ • simply means:that you can understand + explain the options + their implications + give a rational reason why

11. 3.2 Disclosure • Before giving your informed consent - health care provider must give (disclose) to you enough information • Not every detail - only the information that would be expected by a reasonable person to make an intelligent decision. • Includethe risks and probabilityof the risks, and the benefits • Questions - explainedin language you understand

12. 4. Documentation of Content • many tests and procedures (routine blood tests) - implied consent - no written documentation • many invasive tests with significant risk- a written consent • Componentsin the written consent: • An explanation of the medical condition • An explanation of the purpose and benefits • An explanation of the proposed test/procedure/treatment+ possible complications   • A description of alternative treatments + relative benefits and risks  • A discussion of the consequences of not accepting • consent form -signed and dated both by the doctor and by patient

13. 5. The right to refuse treatment • patients (legally competent to make medical decisions) - have the legal and moral right to refusetreatment. • „Against Medical Advice“ (AMA) form - a provement with the option of obtaining a recommended treatment or test - to protect the health care provider from legal liability for not providing treatment. • Ifa health care provider decides that a patient does not have decision-making capacity -the patient may not be able to refuse treatment. • Advance directives and living wills= documents that you can complete before an emergency occurs - prevent patient from having decision-making capacity

14. 6. Clinical Trials and Research • Clinical research trials =important part of health care research • Clinical studies = determine whether new drugs are more effective • Enrolment in a clinical study - opportunity to receive a new drug or treatment before it is widely available. • Informed consent - needed before you may be enrolled in clinical research trials (the purpose - to allow you to learn enough about the study to decide whether or not to participate) • Informed consent for a research study (clinical trial) should include: • Why the research is being done, What the researchers hope to accomplish, A description of what will be done during the study, The risks, The benefits, Verification that you have the right to leave the study at any time, ... • Informedconsent document must be signed before enrollment in a study.

15. 7. Children and Consent • little direct application onchildren. • Minors - do not have legal empowerment to give informed consent – parents/other surrogate decision-makersgive informed permission (parents are assumed to act in the best interest of their child) • But - a conflict between what the parents and the health care providers feel is in the best interest. • Other disagreements in care - court orders-specify what treatment should occur • Most states - have laws - certain minors are emancipated and entitled to the full rights, includingin these situations: • Self-supporting and/or not living at home • Married • Pregnant or a parent • In the military • Declared emancipated by a court

16. 8. Problems with Informed Consent • An uninformed person is at riskofmistakenly making a choice notreflective of his or hervalues or wishes • A medical intervention without valid informed consent is a criminal offence • To ensure effective communication between the researchers and the participantsis necessary to cut: • Language barriers • Religious influences • False expactations • Possible improvements: demographic analysis, professional translators, increasing explanation time, testing for misunderstandings

17. 9. Is the right to consent absolute right? • Philosopical+Ethical+Legal+Practical consideration • There are several restrictions – it means that cannot be absolute • e.g. in the UK – restrictions on minors, patients with incapacity, patients suffering from severe mental illness

18. 10. Model Case • Question 1: A 64-year-old woman with Multiple Sclerosisis hospitalized. The team feels she may need to be placed on a feeding tube soon to assure adequate nutrition. They ask the patient about this in the morning and she agrees. However, in the evening (before the tube has been placed), the patient becomes disoriented and seems confused about her decision to have the feeding tube placed. She tells the team she doesn't want it in. They revisit the question in the morning, when the patient is again lucid. Unable to recall her state of mind from the previous evening, the patient again agrees to the procedure. • Is this patient competent to decide? Which preference should be honored?

19. Answer 1: This patient's underlying disease is impairing her decision-making capacity. If her wishes are consistent during her lucid periods, this choice may be considered her real preference and followed accordingly. However, as her decision-making capacity is questionable, getting a surrogate decision maker involved can help determine what her real wishes are.

20. Question 2: A 55-year-old man has a 3-month history of chest pain and fainting spells. You feel his symptoms merit cardiac catheterization. You explain the risks and potential benefits to him, and include your assessment of his likely prognosis without the intervention. He is able to demonstrate that he understands all of this, but refuses the intervention. • Can he do that, legally? Should you leave it at that?

21. Answer 2: This patient understands what is at stake with his treatment refusal. As he is competent to make this decision, you have a duty to respect his choice. However, you should also be sure to explore his reasons for refusing treatment and continue to discuss your recommendations. A treatment refusal should be honored, but it should also not be treated as the end of a discussion.

22. Thank you for your attention