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Journal Club

Journal Club. 08 January 2012 Simin Li. The structure and mechanics of bone -anniversary review. John D Currey Department of Biology, University of York Journal of Materials Science JAN 2012 DOI 10.1007/s10853-011-5914-9. World wide research Groups in bone community.

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Journal Club

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  1. Journal Club 08 January 2012 Simin Li

  2. The structure and mechanics of bone -anniversary review • John D Currey • Department of Biology, University of York • Journal of Materials Science JAN 2012 DOI 10.1007/s10853-011-5914-9

  3. World wide research Groups in bone community ● UK: 2; ●USA: 6; ● Irland: 1; ●Japan: 1 Others: to be added …

  4. Prof. John. D. Currey: Department of biology, University of York, UK Publication: 1959-now; 117 publication hits in web of knowledge Research group: Biochemistry and Biophysics Research interest: specialist in bone tissue The mechanical properties of mineralised tissues, at the moment, deer antler. The role of microdamage in determining the toughness of bone Books: The mechanical adaptations of bones; Bones: structure and mechanics 2002, • The effect of porosity and mineral-content on the youngs modulus of elasticity of compact-bone (360 cites) • Changes in the stiffness, strength, and toughness of human cortical bone with age • Prediction of mechanical properties of the human calcaneus by broadband ultrasonic attenuation

  5. Dr Peter Zioupos: Department of Engineering and Applied Science, CranfieldUniversity, UK Publication: 1992-now, 70 publication hits in web of knowledge (with Currey, Rho) Research interest: biomaterial hard tissues (simulation and exp) Biomechanics of Materials research group (strain rate, simulation etc) • The effect of strain rate on fracture toughness of human cortical bone: a finite element study. • Simulation of Creep in non-homogeneous samples of human cortical bone • The Effect of Strain Rate on the Mechanical Properties of Human Cortical Bone • The importance of the elastic and plastic components of strain in tensile and compressive fatigue of human cortical bone in relation to orthopaedic biomechanics

  6. Prof. Stephen C. Cowin:Department of Mechanical Engineering The City College, NY USA Publication: 1972-now; 87 publication hits in web of knowledge Research group: Musculoskeletal Biomechanics research centers Research Interests: (bone theory, test) His current publications are in orthopedic biomechanics and anisotropic elasticity. Books: Bone Mechanics Handbook; Mechanical Properties of Bone; Tissue Mechanics • A model for the excitation of osteocytes by mechanical loading-induced bone fluid shear stresses (502) • On the dependence of the elasticity and strength of cancellous bone on apparent density • A continuous wave technique for the measurement of the elastic properties of cortical bone • Bone poroelasticity

  7. A.Prof. Q. D. Yang: Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department University of Michigan, USA; Brian N Cox: Rockwell Scientific Co., LLC With Ritchie and Nalla Publication: 1990-now; 128 publication hits in web of knowledge Group: Materials Research Group Research interests: (FEA, CZ element, A-FEM) • Mixed-mode fracture analyses of plastically-deforming adhesive joints (96) • High-Fidelity Simulations of Multiple Fracture Processes in Laminated Composites in Tension • Cohesive models for damage evolution in laminated composites • An augmented finite element method for modeling arbitrary discontinuities in composite materials

  8. Prof. Robert O. Ritchie; Ravi KiranNalla (RA): Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California, Berkeley USA; Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Publication: 1986-now; 102 publication hits in web of knowledge Research interest: (fracture mechanics) Structure material; fracture mechanics and fatigue-crack propagation Book: Small fatigue cracks Ritchie: • On the relationship between critical tensile stress and fracture toughness in mild steel (927 in Google scholar) • Propagation of short fatigue cracks • Fracture toughness and fatigue-crack propagation in a Zr–Ti–Ni–Cu–Be bulk metallic glass Nalla: 32 hits • Mechanistic fracture criteria for the failure of human cortical bone (187) • Mechanistic aspects of fracture and R-curve behavior in human cortical bone • On the origin of the toughness of mineralized tissue: microcracking or crack bridging?

  9. A. Prof. Elisa budyn: Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Illinois at Chicago USA Publication: 2003-now; 8 publication hits in web of knowledge Laboratory Computational Mechanics Laboratory Research interest: (Multi-scale, XFEM) • An extended finite element method with higher-order elements for curved cracks (66) • A method for multiple crack growth in brittle materials without Remeshing • Fracture strength assessment and aging signs detection in human cortical bone using an X-FEM multiple scale approach • Bovine Cortical Bone Stiffness and Local Strain are Affected by Mineralization and Morphology

  10. Rho J Y: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis USA Publication: 1997-2011 51 publication hits in web of knowledge Research interest: ultrasonic characterization of biomaterials; Nanoindentation • Mechanical properties and the hierarchical structure of bone (407) • The characterization of broadband ultrasound attenuation and fractal analysis by biomechanical properties • Elastic properties of human cortical and trabecular lamellar bone measured by nanoindentation • Youngs modulus of trabecular and cortical bone material - ultrasonic and microtensile measurements

  11. Surgeon group: Dr. ALBERT H. BURSTEIN; Dr. Donald T Reilly Dr. Donald T Reilly: publication from 1972-2010; 64 publication hits in web of knowledge ALBERT H. BURSTEIN publication from 1968-2008; 145 publication hits in web of knowledge Most from 1970s (early research of mechanical properties) • Elastic and ultimate properties of compact bone tissue (577) • Review article - mechanical-properties of cortical bone (289) • Aging of bone tissue - mechanical-properties • Ultimate properties of bone tissue - effects of yielding

  12. Prof. D. Taylor: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland Publication: 1990-now; 78 publication hits in web of knowledge on ‘bone’ 231 in total Research group: Trinity Centre for Bioengineering Research interest: (The Theory of Critical Distances-TCOD, Bone Mechanics) Development of new approaches in fracture mechanics, using theoretical analysis and experimental testing; Investigations into the strength and fracture of bone, including repair and adaptation; Theoretical modelling and experimentalstudies • PREDICTION OF BONE ADAPTATION USING DAMAGE ACCUMULATION (122) • Micro-damage and mechanical behaviour: predicting failure and remodeling in compact bone • The Cellular Transducer in Damage-Stimulated Bone Remodelling • Micro-crack accumulation at different intervals during fatigue testing of compact bone

  13. Japan group: Prof. Mamoru Mitsuishi: Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, JP Publication: 27 hits in web of knowledge in ‘bone’ Research interests: bone cutting -experimental based newest on bone publication 2010 • Relationship between anisotropic tissue and cutting stress characteristics in pig cortical bone • New cutting method for bone based on its crack propagation characteristics • A study of bone micro-cutting characteristics using a newly developed advanced bone cutting machine tool for total knee arthroplasty • Fluoroscopic bone fragment tracking for surgical navigation in femur fracture reduction by incorporating optical tracking of hip joint rotation center

  14. The structure and mechanics of bone • Catigrized hierarchical structure into 4 levels • Nano, micro, meso, whole bone • Different levels of simplification • Fracture mechanics • Size effect • The role of genetics and external forces

  15. Elastic behaviour

  16. Fracture behaviour • Mineral-collagen interaction in bone through either ions or hydrogen bonds: • Ionic interactions • Sliding of layered water films • Sacrificial bonds and hidden lengths • Virtual internal bonds • Bone becomes insensitive to flaws or cracks at sub-micro level • Counter-arguments: flaw weaken strength of nanotube compare with flawless one

  17. Stiffness v.s. toughness • Stiffness and toughness go against each other • Increase stiffness with increasing mineralization. – mineral stiffer

  18. Increase mineral decrease toughness • Denser crystal inhibit collagen from deformation • Reduce post-yield deformation • Less micro-damage, means lease total work to be done for breakage.

  19. Micro scale level

  20. Compact bone Osteonal bone Woven bone Plexiform bone=fibrolamellar bone=laminar Primary Secondary Lamellar bone

  21. Woven bone Primary bone Secondary and plexiform bone

  22. Woven bone: found in infant or fractue callus; randomly arranged collagen fibers; pool mechanical properties, quick grow • Osteonal bone: • primary (no haversian system): are likely formed by mineralization of cartilage, less lamellae than secondary, small vascular channels (no haversian), may be stronger than secondary • Secondary osteon (haversian system, cement line): always younger then the bone replaced, so, less mineral, low E(stiffness) than interstitial; cement line: discontinuity between inter and secondary, so cracks are likely initiate there or divert from • Plexiform bone=fibrolamellar bone=laminar • Rapid grow, offer increased mechanical support for longer periods of time. more surface area then osteonal, This increases the amount of bone which can be formed in a given time frame and provided a way to more rapidly increase bone stiffness and strength in a short period of time. greater stiffness than primary or secondary cortical bone

  23. Lamellae • Osteoclasts • Lacunae • Canaliculi

  24. Fracture mechanics in micro-scale • Micro-structure interface, discontinuity cause cracks are likely to initiate or divert from here • Uncrack bridges • R-curve • Old people low KC and low R-curve (brittle) • Young people High KC and high R-curve (tough)

  25. Low mineral content 48% High mineral content85% Work of fracture 6200J m-2 work of fracture 20 J m-2

  26. Size effect remain puzzling • Bone shape is determined by gene

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