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Basic Computer Concepts Abacus. ultimate ancestors of today’s computers became the arithmetic tool of early merchants the only relation that can be claimed between abacus and computers is that they are both used to aid in handling numerical/logical computations. Ø Ø Ø. Introduction.
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BasicComputerConcepts Abacus ultimateancestorsoftoday’scomputers becamethearithmetictoolofearlymerchants theonlyrelationthatcanbeclaimedbetween abacusandcomputersisthattheyareboth usedtoaidinhandlingnumerical/logical computations Ø Ø Ø Introduction
BasicComputerConcepts CharlesBabbage Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø calledthe“FatherofComputing” inventedtheAnalyticalandDifferenceEngines bornonDecember26,1791inTeignmouth, DevonshireintheUK hadaninterestinvariousfields,fromstatistics tophilosophyandreligiontomachines,having accreditedtohimnumerouspublicationsin thesefields hisconceptualizationofhisenginesbeganwith ananalysisofthecalculationsoftablesof Greenwichstarpositions
BasicComputerConcepts DifferenceEngine conceivedtoperformquicktabular calculations,theworkingsofwhichwerebased ontheMethodofDifferences,analgorithm thatlentitselftotheeasycreationofawide rangeofmathematicaltables waspoweredbysteam embodiedthebasicconceptsandelementsof amoderngeneral-purposecomputer Ø Ø Ø Introduction
BasicComputerConcepts AnalyticalEngine utilizedI/OmediacalledJacquard’spunched cards,originallyusedtolaydownthread arrangementsinweaving usedthepunchcardsforstoringoperating instructions(programs),andwouldhavebeen abletostorearound1,000numbersofupto50 decimalplaces alsoallowedoutputdevicesfordisplaying results Ø Ø Ø Introduction
BasicComputerConcepts GenerationofComputers The First Generation computersthatwerebasedontheuseofwired circuitscontainingvacuumtubes,andwhich utilizedpunchcardsasthemainstoragemedium anddesignedforaspecifictask usedbinarycodesof“machinelanguage” Ø Ø ElectronicNumericalIntegratorandComputer (ENIAC),ahulkofmachineryconsistof18,000 vacuumtubes,70,000resistors,and5million solderedjoints,andoccupiedaspaceequalto asmallwarehouse ElectronicDiscreteVariableAutomatic Computer(EDVAC),apioneerinimplementing vonNeumann’sarchitecture,thekeytowhich wastheCentralProcessingUnit(CPU),which allowedallcomputerfunctionstobe coordinatedthroughasinglesource v v Introduction
BasicComputerConcepts GenerationofComputers The Second Generation developmentofthe“transistor” Ø smallersizeandincreasedreliability resultedtosmallerandsmallercomputers, whichwerefasterandmoreenergy- efficientthantheirpredecessors v v usedamorespecializedlanguagewitheasier abbreviatedprogrammingcodescalled “assemblylanguage” Ø Introduction
BasicComputerConcepts GenerationofComputers The Third Generation “integration”,aprocessinwhichnumerous electroniccomponentsarebroughttogetherto composeasystemunit(anintegratedcircuit) thatcombinestheminadynamic,coordinated manner thefirstintegratedcircuit(IC)wasinvented independentlybyJackKilbyandRobertNoyce Ø Ø Introduction
BasicComputerConcepts GenerationofComputers The Fourth Generation developmentofuser-friendlysoftware packagesthatofferednon-technicalusers manyoftheadvantagesofcomputer applications characterizedbytheapplicationofadvanced engineeringtechniquesthatallowforvery- large-scale-integration(VLSI),andultra-large- scale-integration(ULSI),whichallowforthe placementofmillionsofelectronic componentsinasinglechip Ø Ø Introduction
BasicComputerConcepts GenerationofComputers The Fifth Generation computersthatcanunderstandhumanspeech, canrecognizepatternslikefacesandother compleximages Ø artificialintelligence expertsystems naturallanguageprocessing v v v Introduction
BasicComputerConcepts ComputerApplications Business–theyusecomputerstostore information,easyinterfacewith customers,andfacilitateprocessing andpresentationofdata MathematicsandScience–Watsonand Crick’sdiscoveryofthestructureofthe DNA Engineering–degreesof miniaturizationandintegrationhave multipliesn-fold Medicine–morereliableartificial heartsarebeingofferedtothosewith heartproblems Education–easeofuseinthecreation ofpresentationmaterialsand documents Entertainment–interactivegamesand virtualsimulations,computer- generatedeffects Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Introduction