Exploring Human Society: From Origins to Communism and Capitalism

1. Man → World → School → Work → Death → ? → MARX → Loss of Meaning → ↑Meaning in life: free time Framework: loss & gain State → → → Businessmen Recovery? → Capitalist → → Exploitation/ Suffering → Workers → Class Structure Thesis: Bourgeois (Capitalist) Antithesis: revolution Parts: Replaceable Alienation/ separation → Synthesis: Communist Society → → Worker to the product/ activities No Private Ownership Religion: Opium SOCIALISM: no private individual would own the “means of production” but the community as a whole Wealth and power will be equally shared by all

3. KARL MARX • class struggle between the oppressed and the oppressors • there would be collective ownership of the means of production, and then there could be a classless society.

4. “The trouble with the rat-race is that even if you win, you're still a rat.”

7. WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY?

8. SOCIOLOGY • Study of group – where interaction process is vital • From this process, patterns of behavior evolve • Primary focus is not on individuals and individual behavior but on social behavior

10. HOW DO HUMANS APPEAR ON EARTH?

14. WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGY? • interested in discovering when, where and why humans appeared on earth, how and why they have changed since then, and how and why modern populations vary in certain physical features

15. FIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY • Physical Anthropology: • Archeology • Cultural Anthropology • Scientific Linguistics

16. PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY • Concerned with physical changes of man • race evolution, racial classifications

20. ARCHEOLOGY • The main pieces of evidence for evaluating prehistoric societies are: • Fossils • Has an organic life • Withstood the test of time • Artifacts • Man-made • Withstood the test of time

21. MAIN TECHNIQUE OF ARCHEOLOGY

22. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY • Culture: way of life which is learned and transmitted by means of language

23. To see is to believe. Your friend gave you these 2 plates and it just so happened that this will be your first time to see such foods. Meaning, you are not influenced by your past experiences. Your friend maintained that plate B is the real food. How would you know that the other is not real? What are your grounds that made you claim on such assertion? – A B

24. SCIENTIFIC LINGUISTICS • systematic study of recorded and unrecorded languages all over the world. • to know how man was able to communicate with his fellow humans, as a result of which, culture developed.

25. HOW SOCIOLOGY DEVELOPED

26. AUGUSTE COMTE • idea of positivism • reports of sensory experience is the exclusive source of all authoritative knowledge • only authentic knowledge is that which allows positive verification • Society, like the physical world, operates according to general laws.

29. 3 STAGES OF KNOWLEDGE FOR COMTE: • Theological or religious stage • Metaphysical or abstract reasoning stage • Positive or scientific stage

30. BY MERE OBSERVATION, HOW CAN YOU PROVE TO ME THAT THE WORLD IS NOT FLAT? • Renaissance • Religion vs. Science • Copernicus • Galileo

31. TRADITIONS (CHURCH): EARTH AS CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE • Psalm 93:1, Psalm 96:10, 1 Chronicles 16:30 • “the world is firmly established, it cannot be moved.” • Psalm 104: 5 • “the Lord set the earth on its foundations; it can never be moved.” • Ecclesiastes 1:5 • “and the sun rises and sets and returns to its place” • Heliocentrism (telescope) vs. Geocentrism • Copernicus: parallax • Heresy = imprisoned

32. PARALLAX (displacement) • as the viewpoint moves side to side, • CLOSE = faster, • FAR = slower. • The planet moves faster when nearer the Sun. (kepler)

38. HERBERT SPENCER • human societies evolved from simple forms (primitive societies) to more complex forms (industrial societies). • through natural selection, those societies that adapt to their environment and compete successfully will persist (SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST). • eventually lead to social progress which constituted social justice

39. EMILE DURKHEIM • He believed that individual members of a society live and die, but a certain structure in their activities remain

40. 2 TYPES OF SOCIAL SOLIDARITY • MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY • Similar tasks • ORGANIC SOLIDARITY • Variable tasks

41. MAX WEBER • belief systems can affect people’s actions • Subjectively and objectively • patterns in social action which he classified as value-oriented, goal-oriented actions

42. RELIGION DIRECTS CAPITALISM • As societies grew more complex and encompassed different groups, a hierarchy of gods developed and as power in the society became more centralised, the concept of a single, universal God (ethical monotheism) became more popular and desirable.

43. SPIRIT OF CAPITALISM • PLEASURES VS. SUCCESS • actions were motivated by a highly moral and respected philosophy

44. FERDINAND TOENNIES • All social relations are creations of human will

45. 2 TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS WITHIN THE CONTEXTS OF HUMAN WILL • Essential Will - Gemeinschaft • sympathy • Friendship/ community group • Arbitrary Will - Gesellschaft • activity with regard to the future • city and state

47. GEORGE SIMMEL • social network between individuals who are in constant interaction with one another.

50. ALFRED REGINALD RADCLIFFE-BROWN • Primary function of ritual is, by giving expression to the collective “sentiments of a society”, to contribute to social cohesion