Unit 2: World Cultures Maturing

1. Unit 2: World Cultures Maturing 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E.

2. Europe During the Middle Ages & the Renaissance[500 C.E. to 1500 C.E.] Barron’s Chp. 6 Strayer Chp. 10 (Middle Ages) Strayer Chp. 13 (Renaissance)

3. Timeline • European Middle Ages (500 CE – 1500 CE) • Phase 1  Early Middle Ages (500 – 1000 CE) • Political decentralization, backwardness • Phase 2  High Middle Ages (1000 – 1300 CE) • Nations became defined, technology & culture improved • European civilization evolved, strong Christian influence • Phase 3  Late Middle Ages (1300 – 1500 CE) • Black Death, Renaissance • Renaissance (1300 – 1600 CE) • Cultural Rebirth

4. Frankish Kingdoms Avar Kingdom Parhae Yamoto Japan Byzantine Empire Sassanid Empire Sui China Silla Harsha’ Empire Chalukya Ghana Axum States and Empires in 600 CE 4

5. European Origins • Resulted from the collapse of the Roman Empire (centralized authority) • Attacks by Germanic tribes

6. Europe in the 6c

7. Feudalism & the Manor System Origins of Feudalism • After the fall of Rome, Europe became politically decentralized • No ruler was strong enough to provide Europe with central authority 3. European monarchs didn’t have the power, money, or military to govern their lands effectively

8. Feudalism & the Manor System Origins of Feudalism • Their solution was the feudal system • Under feudalism lords and monarchs would award land to loyal followers (vassals) 6. Vassals would promise their parcels of land (fiefs) would be governed, law & order dispensed, crops grown, and land protected

9. Feudalism & the Manor System Origins of Feudalism 7. Feudal Retainers • Vassals would subdivide their fiefs into smaller units • Vassals grant these units to people they could trust 8. Feudalism remained the heart of European politics for centuries

10. Feudalism Feudal Nobility • Those that received large retainers (land grants) from the monarch became Europe’s noble class 2. Social hierarchy • All members of feudal nobility were tied to the monarch by bonds of loyalty & landownership • Nobles provided political leadership

11. Land Organization • The social structure of Europe worked like this: Higher on the pyramid, more land a person owned Kings Lords and lesser kings Vassals: knights, Merchants, etc. Peasants and serfs

12. Feudalism Feudal Nobility • Feudal Military System • Cavalry • Elite force of armed knights on horseback • Horses & weapons very costly, only members of upper class could afford to become knights • Foot soldiers • Recruited by nobles • In war time lords/nobles would recruit serfs to fight as foot soldiers

13. Feudalism Feudal Nobility • Code of Chivalry • Medieval knights code of conduct • They were to be virtuous • Christian who served lord loyally • Treated lower class with justice • Gentlemanly toward women • Reality… • Chivalry did restrain extreme violent behavior • Code often broken

14. The Road to Knighthood KNIGHT SQUIRE PAGE

15. The Medieval Manor • Basic unit of feudal landholding was the manor… • Includes lord’s residence (estate or castle) • Peasants’ village • Surrounding village & lords house were agricultural fields and woods where animals could be hunted (usually reserved for the lords) • Manors provided local structure but Isolated society

16. The Medieval Manor

17. Life on the Medieval Manor Serfs at work

18. Serfs • Economically, feudal system relied on the labor of peasants • Most peasants were serfs 3. Serfs paid fees to use lords facilities i.e. water mill, bread oven, black smith

19. Serfs 4. Serfdom defined… • Technically not slaves • Legally unfree • Could not change residence or job without permission • Work mostly benefits their lord • Portion of their own crops & livestock given to lord • Certain number of days/month labor for lord… • Build roads • Clearing forests • Gathering firewood • Farming lords private fields (most common)

20. Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

21. How Feudalism Changed Over Time • Feudalism was the political, economic, and social system of Medieval Europe. It was based on loyalty and military service. • It outlasted it’s original purpose. 3. After political units began to centralize & resemble nations, feudal practices remained in place.

22. How Feudalism Changed Over Time • What things began to change? • Knightly class evolved into aristocratic nobility • This class remained shaped European politics & society until 1800’s & early 1900’s • Change was very slow in central & eastern Europe…serfdom didn’t end in Russia until late 1800’s • Feudalism set into place class differences… • Haves = Rich & Powerful (nobility) • Have Not’s = Poor & Powerless (Serfs, peasants) • Tension grew which eventually lead to European nationalist revolutions (late 1700’s – early 1900’s)

23. Christendom Unifying Influence of Christianity • Primary unifying force in Europe after the fall of Rome was Christianity • Two major headquarters of Christianity… • Rome Western & Central Europe • Constantinople Eastern Europe, Greece, Middle East

24. Orthodox Catholic Christendom Unifying Influence of Christianity • By 1045 CE, difference in geography and doctrine led to the Great Schism • Christianity separated into two churches

25. Roman Catholic Pope Eastern OrthodoxPatriarch Christendom Unifying Influence of Christianity 4. Roman Catholicism & Eastern Orthodoxy • Roman Catholic Church (Western & Central Europe) • Eastern Orthodox Church (Middle East, South Eastern Europe, Russia)

26. The Medieval Catholic Church • filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world. Gave rise to “Age of Faith” • Shaped medieval society in many ways… • Preserved Latin & Greek manuscripts including: scientific essays, literary works, and a wealth of learning • Provided Europeans with a common faith despite cultural differences

27. The Medieval Catholic Church • Monasticism: • Religious communities whose members were called monks & nuns…not ordained priests. • Benedictine Order = 1st European monasteries stressed contemplation & seclusion, poverty, chastity • provided schools for the children of the upper class.

28. The Medieval Catholic Church • Monasticism: • inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war. • libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts. • monks  missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick (Ireland), St.Boniface (Germany)]

29. A Medieval Monk’s Day

30. A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium • Scholasticism merged faith with reason - ala. Thomas Aquinas • Knowledge restricted by the Catholic Church

31. Illuminated Manuscripts

32. The Power of the Medieval Church • Head of Catholic Church is the Pope • Governed huge amounts of territory in Italy • Popes had power to determine… • Heresy  proposing radical change to a belief system • Excommunication  excluding people from Catholic Church • Issue Crusades  holy wars

33. The Power of the Medieval Church • Medieval Popes goal • Join European nations of Europe into a single Christian community known as Christendom • Christendom would be governed by the Pope with kings & emperors subject to him • Never fully achieved • Holy Inquisition • In 1231 C.E. a set of special courts with wide- ranging powers begins to punish heresy & religious nonconformity

34. The Power of the Medieval Church • bishops and abbots played a large part in the feudal system. • the church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe. • tried to curb feudal warfare  only 40 days a year for combat. • tithe  1/10 tax on your assets given to the church.

35. Medieval Roman Catholic Hierarchy

36. Western Monarchies & the Eastern Frontier • It took several centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire for stable nations to form • Short-lived kingdoms quickly rose and fell during 500 + 600’s C.E.—many Viking & Muslim invasions

37. Western Monarchies & the Eastern Frontier • Frankish Kingdom [Carolingian Empire] • One of Europe’s earliest kingdoms • Franks = German tribe who gain large empire under leader King Clovis (465-511CE) • Includes modern-day Germany, France, Netherlands • Clovis converted his empire to Catholicism

39. Western Monarchies & the Eastern Frontier • Frankish Kingdom [Carolingian Empire] • Kingdom weakens after Clovis’s death but becomes powerful again under Charles Martel (688-741CE) • Martel was a skilled military leader who drove back Muslim invaders at the Battle of Tours (741) • Very influential battles of medieval Europe • Martel turns the Frankish empire into the Carolingian dynasty (732 CE) • Martel’s son Pepin strengthen the kingdoms ties with the Catholic Church.

40. Western Monarchies & the Eastern Frontier • Frankish Kingdom [Carolingian Empire] • The greatest Carolingian ruler was Pepin’s son Charlemagne (Charles the Great) • Charlemagne ruled from768-814CE • Defended Frankish territoryfrom Viking & Muslim attacks

41. Western Monarchies & the Eastern Frontier • Frankish Kingdom [Carolingian Empire] • Charlemagne greatly expands the empire, firmlytransforming it into theCarolingian Empire • Carolingian Empire evolves into the Holy Roman Empire • This occurs when the pope crowns Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor (800 CE)

42. Charlemagne’s Empire

43. Pope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800

44. Carolingian Artifacts

45. Western Monarchies & the Eastern Frontier • Holy Roman Empire under Charlemagne… • Active supporter of church sponsored education & culture • His empire was very strong& well organized

46. Western Monarchies & the Eastern Frontier • Collapse of Charlemagne’s Empire • 843 C.E. Charlemagne’s3 grandsons divide theempire into smaller parts • The concept of “holy” and “Roman” survived… • It was a viable state alliedwith the church • Provided relative centralizedauthority

47. Western Monarchies & the Eastern Frontier • By the late 800’s – 900’s early nations began to emerge… • Capetian Dynasty gradually gains more control of France • Eastern realm of Charlemagne’s realm reformed itself as the Holy Roman Empire • Ruled most of central for centuries to come

48. The Vikings • Vikings were expert sailors & fierce warriors from Scandinavia • They helped shape early medieval European nations by raiding & conquering land throughout coastal Europe, down to the Mediterranean • They forced England, France, and Holy Roman Empire to defend against their attacks, prompting these nations to centralize power

49. England & France • England & France were the most stable Western European states during the Early Middle Ages • In 1066, William the Conqueror led Normans (Viking decedents in France) into England and conquered it

50. England & France 3. William & his successors were connect to the French throne by blood. 4. This resulted in much confusion between England & France regarding who had right to rule