PROVINCIAL AMERICA

1. PROVINCIAL AMERICA

2. THE THIRTEEN BRITISH COLONIES THE DARKER THE COLOR, THE HIGHER THE ELEVATION

3. POPULATION EXPLOSION • THE COLONIAL POPULATION INCREASED AT AN EXTREMELY FAST PACE AFTER 1700 • INCREASES MADE UP OF INDENTURED SERVANTS FROM EUROPE, SLAVES FROM AFRICA, AND BIRTHS FROM COLONISTS • CLEAN DRINKING WATER, PLENTY OF FOOD, AND GOOD CLIMATE WERE MAJOR CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO THE SPIKE IN BIRTHS BETWEEN 1680-1776 • INCREASED POPULATION FUELED THE DEVELOPMENT OF COLONIAL SOCIETY

4. INDENTURED SERVANTS • THE MIDDLE COLONIES GENERALLY RELIED ON INDENTURED SERVANTS TO WORK THE FARMS RATHER THAN SLAVE LABOR • INDENTURED SERVANTS WERE PEOPLE (GENERALLY EUROPEANS) WHO WOULD WORK WITHOUT WAGES FOR A PERIOD OF TIME (USUALLY FOUR TO SEVEN YEARS) IN ORDER TO PAY THEIR PASSAGE • AFTER THE CONTRACT THEY WOULD OFTEN PRACTICE THE TRADE LEARNED DURING THEIR VOLUNTARY SERVITUDE INDENTURE CONTRACT THAT GUARANTEED THE SERVANT A TRACT OF LAND ONCE THEIR INDENTURE WAS CONCLUDED

5. COLONIAL SOCIETY • MEN OUTNUMBERED WOMEN RESULTING IN A SOMEWHAT BETTER STATUS FOR FEMALES THAN IN EUROPE • WOMEN TENDED TO MARRY EARLY AND BEAR MANY CHILDREN • MARRIED WOMEN WERE DEPRIVED OF MOST LEGAL RIGHTS • MOST WOMEN WERE LIMITED TO DOMESTIC WORK • THE FAMILY WAS THE BASIC SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC UNIT • CHILDREN WERE ECONOMIC ASSETS IN AN AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY • FAMILIES TENDED TO BE LARGE • PARENTS TAUGHT CHILDREN THEIR GENDER ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

6. COLONIAL SOCIETY • CLASS DIFFERENCES EXISTED DESPITE LEVELING INFLUENCES BUT WERE NOT AS EXTREME AS IN EUROPE • THE GENTRY INCLUDED WEALTHY MERCHANTS, SOUTHERN PLANTERS, AND PROFESSIONALS • CLASS STATUS WAS SOMETIMES REFLECTED IN PEOPLE’S CLOTHING AND IN SEATING IN CHURCH • THE LARGEST GROUP WAS FARMERS WITH SMALL HOLDINGS • LOWEST STATUS FELL TO WHITES WITHOUT PROPERTY, INDENTURED SERVANTS, AND SLAVES • OPPORTUNITIES FOR UPWARD SOCIAL MOBILITY WERE GENERALLY GREATER THAN IN EUROPE

7. COLONIAL SOCIETY • THOSE WHO WERE NOT GENTRY HAD THE OPPORTUNITY TO DEVELOP SPECIALIZED SKILLS AND TRADES • BOYS LEARNED SKILLS BY BEING AN APPRENTICE • THEY BECAME SILVERSMITHS, CABINETMAKERS, POTTERS, AND GLASSMAKERS • TOWNS HAD 10% OF THE POPULATION BY 1775 • PHILADELPHIA WITH 34,000 PEOPLE PASSED BOSTON AS THE LARGEST CITY • TAVERNS IN TOWNS AND ALONG POST ROADS WERE IMPORTANT SOCIAL CENTERS

8. COLONIAL SOCIETY • MAJORITY OF THE POPULATION WAS ILLITERATE AND RELIED PRIMARILY ON ORAL COMMUNICATION • MUSIC FOCUSED ON RELIGIOUS WORKS • ARCHITECTURE ATTEMPTED TO DUPLICATE FAMILIAR EUROPEAN DESIGNS • NEWSPAPERS BECAME SIGNIFICANT PUBLIC INFLUENCES • ABOUT FORTY NEWSPAPERS WERE BEING PRINTED BY THE 1770s • JOHN PETER ZENGER WAS JAILED BY THE NEW YORK ASSEMBLY IN 1735 AFTER HIS NEWSPAPER CRITICIZED THEM • HE BASED HIS DEFENSE ON THE TRUTH OF WHAT WAS PRINTED AND WAS ACQUITTED

9. COLONIAL SOCIETY • NEW ENGLAND WAS THE LEADER IN EDUCATION PARTLY BECAUSE OF THE IMPORTANCE OF BIBLE READING • IN GENERAL EDUCATION WAS A LUXURY, A SIGN OF STATUS, AND WAS PROVIDED ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY TO MALES • A MASSACHUSETTS COLONY LAW OF 1647 REQUIRED ALL TOWNS OF OVER 50 FAMILIES TO PROVIDE AN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL • THE FIRST COLLEGES (HARVARD-1638 AND WILLIAM AND MARY-1693) FOCUSED ON TRAINING CLERGY • THE INFLUENTIAL NEW ENGLAND PRIMER TAUGHT THE ALPHABET THROUGH RELIGION • SOUTHERN PLANTERS SECURED PRIVATE TUTORS FOR THEIR SONS

10. GROUPS IN COLONIAL SOCIETY • GENTRY • OCCUPY HIGHEST LEVEL OF COLONIAL SOCIETY • WEALTHY PLANTERS, LAWYERS AND MERCHANTS WHO DOMINATE COLONIAL POLITICS • TRADESPEOPLE AND FARMERS • RANK BENEATH GENTRY IN WEALTH AND POWER • INCLUDES SILVERSMITHS, CABINETMAKERS, PRINTERS, SMALL FARMERS AND FISHERMEN • WOMEN • RUN HOUSEHOLDS AND HELP MANAGE FAMILY BUSINESSES • CAN’T OWN LAND, VOTE OR SERVE ON JURIES • CHILDREN • MANY BOYS WORK AS APPRENTICES • GIRLS WORK AT HOME WITH MOTHERS AND FEW ATTEND SCHOOL

11. NEW ENGLAND COLONIAL WOMEN • HAD FEW SOCIAL, LEGAL, OR POLITICAL RIGHTS • DAILY CHORES INCLUDED: WEAVING, SEWING, TENDING THE FAMILY GARDEN, FEEDING LIVESTOCK, COOKING FOR THE FAMILY, AS WELL AS MAKING SOAP AND CANDLES. • ONLY SINGLE OR WIDOWED WOMEN COULD OWN PROPERTY OR BE BUSINESS OWNERS

12. WOMEN IN THE MIDDLE COLONIES • SINCE AGRICULTURE WAS THE MAJOR INDUSTRY WOMEN PLAYED A ROLE IN THE SUCCESS OF THE FARM • WOMEN MILKED COWS, AND CHURNED THE MILK INTO BUTTER AND CREAM • WOMEN COLLECTED ANIMAL FAT TO MAKE SOAP • THEY ALSO PICKED FRUITS FROM THE ORCHARDS LIKE APPLES, PEARS AND PEACHES

13. WOMEN IN THE SOUTHERN COLONIES • WERE CONSIDERED “SECOND CLASS CITIZENS” SIMILAR TO THE NORTHERN COLONIES • DID NOT HAVE THE RIGHT TO VOTE, OWN PROPERTY, OR PREACH IN CHURCH • WERE “IN CHARGE” OF MOST DOMESTIC CHORES, SUCH AS COOKING, TENDING LIVESTOCK, CLEANING, SEWING, AND WASHING CLOTHES • WOMEN IN MIDDLE CLASS AND UPPER CLASS WERE SPARED MOST OF THE MUNDANE CHORES OF EVERYDAY LIFE BUT STILL WERE SUBMISSIVE TO THEIR HUSBANDS

14. SALEM WITCH TRIALS

15. WITCH TRIAL TIMELINE • WINTER 1691-EARLY 1692: FIRST EVIDENCE OF “WITCHCRAFT” REPORTED WHEN SEVERAL WOMEN DISPLAYED “ABNORMAL” BEHAVIOR • MARCH 1 1692: FIRST WOMEN ARRESTED FOR WITCHCRAFT AND JAILED • MAY 1692: COLONIAL GOVERNOR PHIPS ARRIVED TO INITIATE “COURT OF OYER AND TERMINER” • SUMMER 1692: TRIALS HELD AND ALL ACCUSED WERE CONVICTED WITH NINETEEN HANGED AND ONE EXECUTED BY BEING CRUSHED BY THE WEIGHT OF STONES • SIX OF THE EXECUTED WERE MEN MOST OF THE REST WERE POOR WOMEN PAST CHILDBEARING AGE • INCLUDED IN THOSE EXECUTED WERE A MINISTER, A CONSTABLE WHO REFUSED TO ARREST MORE SUSPECTED WITCHES, AND AT LEAST THREE WEALTHY PEOPLE. • JANUARY 1693: TRIALS END WHEN SEVERAL BOSTON-AREA MINISTERS (INCLUDING INCREASE MATHER) APPEAL TO SALEM RESIDENTS TO END THE TRIALS.

16. WHAT CAUSED THE HYSTERIA? • VARIOUS CAUSES FOR THE “HYSTERIA” LEADING TO THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED BY HISTORIANS AND SCHOLARS BUT NO CONCRETE EXPLANATION HAS BEEN AGREED ON • THE MAJOR THEORIES INCLUDE: • PURITANS STRONG BELIEFS LED TO MASS HYSTERIA • CHILD ABUSE CAUSED IT • MASS CONSUMPTION OF A HALLUCINOGENIC FUNGUS • FREQUENT INDIAN ATTACKS PUT EVERYONE ON EDGE

17. THE CASE OF GILES COREY • COREY ACCUSED OF BEING A WIZARD DID NOT ENTER A PLEA MANY BELIEVE BECAUSE THE STATE WOULD HAVE CONFISCATED HIS PROPERTY IF FOUND GUILTY • HE WAS CONVICTED OF WITCHCRAFT AND DUE TO HIS PLEA REFUSAL WAS SENTENCED TO DIE BY PEINE FORTE ET DURE A PROCEDURE WHERE THE CONVICTED IS EXECUTED BY PRESSING WEIGHT ON THEM TO SUFFOCATE THEM • AS THE STONES WERE PILED ON HIM HE WAS ASKED IF HE WISHED TO ENTER A PLEA HIS REPLY WAS “MORE WEIGHT” • TWO DAYS LATER HE DIED

18. EXECUTED DEFENDANTS BRIDGET BISHOP — HANGED JUNE 10, 1692 THE REV. GEORGE BURROUGHS — HANGED AUGUST 19, 1692 MARTHA CARRIER — HANGED AUGUST 19, 1692 MARTHA COREY — HANGED SEPTEMBER 22, 1692 GILES COREY — PRESSED TO DEATH SEPTEMBER 19, 1692 MARY EASTY — HANGED SEPTEMBER 22, 1692 SARAH GOOD — HANGED JUNE 19, 1692 ELIZABETH HOWE — HANGED JUNE 19, 1692 GEORGE JACOBS, SR. — HANGED AUGUST 19, 1692 SUSANNAH MARTIN — HANGED JUNE 19, 1692 REBECCA NURSE — HANGED JUNE 19, 1692 ALICE PARKER — HANGED SEPTEMBER 22, 1692 MARY PARKER — HANGED SEPTEMBER 22, 1692 JOHN PROCTOR — HANGED AUGUST 19, 1692 ANN PUDEATOR — HANGED SEPTEMBER 22, 1692 WILMOTT REDD — HANGED SEPTEMBER 22, 1692 MARGARET SCOTT — HANGED SEPTEMBER 22, 1692 SAMUEL WARDWELL — HANGED SEPTEMBER 22, 1692 SARAH WILDES — HANGED JUNE 19, 1692 JOHN WILLARD — HANGED AUGUST 19, 1692

19. IMPACT OF TRIALS • MANY RESIDENTS WHO COULD FLED SALEM BEFORE THEY WERE ACCUSED • THE LOCAL ECONOMY SUFFERED AS CROPS AND LIVESTOCK WENT UNTENDED • COMMERCE ALSO SUFFERED AS MANY STOPPED BUSINESS TO WATCH THE TRIALS AND HANGINGS • THE PURITANS LOST MUCH OF THEIR INFLUENCE IN NEW ENGLAND BECAUSE OF THE NATURE OF THE ACCUSATIONS AND TRIALS • BECAUSE OF THE CASE OF GILES COREY, THE INSTITUTION OF “INNOCENT UNTIL PROVEN GUILTY” BECAME PART OF THE AMERICAN JUDICIAL SYSTEM

20. THREE DIVERSE ECONOMIC SYSTEMS DEVELOPED IN THE COLONIES • WEATHER AND CLIMATE WAS DIFFERENT IN THE NORTHERN, MIDDLE, AND SOUTHERN COLONIES; THIS MEANT DIFFERENT GROWING SEASONS AND ENCOURAGED DIFFERENT TYPES OF CROPS • THE COLDER TEMPERATURES IN THE NORTHERN COLONIES MEANT AN EXTREMELY SHORT GROWING SEASON WHICH LED THOSE COLONIES TO SPECIALIZE IN FISHING • TYPES OF SOILS ALLOWED FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF FARMING, WITH THE MIDDLE COLONIES BECOMING THE “BREAD BASKET” AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES SPECIALIZING IN TOBACCO • EACH GROUP OF COLONIES ALSO HAD A FRONTIER REGION, AND THE FRONTIERS SHARED THE SAME CHARACTERISTICS

21. RELIGION WAS THE DRIVING FORCE BEHIND THE CREATION OF THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES

22. NEW ENGLAND COLONIES

23. OVERVIEW OF THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES • NEW HAMPSHIRE, MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, CONNECTICUT • LONG AND COLD WINTERS AS WELL AS MOUNTAINS DID NOT ALLOW FOR LARGE-SCALE FARMING • MOST SETTLERS CAME FROM ENGLAND • MAIN INDUSTRIES WERE LUMBERING, SHIPBUILDING, FISHING, IRON WORKS, AND WOOL PRODUCTION • MOST VILLAGES AND TOWNS WERE NEAR HARBORS • IN THE EARLY YEARS LIFE WAS REGULATED BY STRICT RELIGIOUS BELIEFS

24. NEW ENGLAND ECONOMY • SOIL WAS INFERTILE WHICH LED MANY TO THE SEA TO MAKE THEIR LIVING • CODFISH FISHERIES SOON BECAME THE “GOLDMINE” OF NEW ENGLAND • WHALE HUNTING BECAME PROFITABLE • RUM FROM NEW ENGLAND USED IN TRIANGULAR TRADE ROUTES • SMALL FACTORY MANUFACTURING BECAME COMMON • BRITISH GOVERNMENT PAID BOUNTIES FOR MARITIME PRODUCTS SUCH AS PITCH, TAR, AND ROSIN

25. KING CHARLES II GAVE AWAY THE MIDDLE COLONIES TO FAMILY AND FRIENDS

26. MIDDLE COLONIES

27. OVERVIEW OF THE MIDDLE COLONIES • NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY, PENNSYLVANIA, DELAWARE • ETHNICALLY DIVERSE, ESPECIALLY ALONG THE HUDSON RIVER • BUSY SHIPPING PORTS • LUSH FARMLAND LED TO GRAIN AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION LIKE WHEAT AND RYE, BEEF AND PORK • COTTAGE INDUSTRIES WERE WEAVING, SHOEMAKING, CABINET MAKING AND OTHER ARTISAN CRAFTS • ADDITIONAL WORKERS WERE RECRUITED FROM EUROPE AS INDENTURED SERVANTS

28. MIDDLE COLONIES ECONOMY • CALLED THE BREADBASKET OF THE COLONIES BECAUSE OF THE LARGE AMOUNT OF GRAIN THEY PRODUCED • FORESTS PROVIDED RAW MATERIALS FOR SHIP BUILDING AND LUMBER INDUSTRIES • MANUFACTURERS ALSO PRODUCED IRON, GLASS, AND POTTERY PRODUCTS • SOME ESTATES WERE SIMILAR TO SOUTHERN PLANTATIONS BUT RELIED ON FREE LABOR AND INDENTURED SERVANTS RATHER THAN SLAVES

29. THE “COLONIAL BREADBASKET” • BECAUSE OF THE FERTILE SOILS OF THE MIDDLE COLONIES A GREAT AMOUNT OF VARIED TYPES OF GRAIN WAS PRODUCED THERE • THE MIDDLE COLONIES NOT ONLY PROVIDED GRAIN FOR THEIR OWN USE BUT EXPORTED TONS OF IT TO OTHER COLONIES AND BRITAIN.

30. LARGE SCALE FARMING DOMINATED THE SOUTHERN COLONIES

31. SOUTHERN COLONIES

32. OVERVIEW OF THE SOUTHERN COLONIES • MARYLAND, VIRGINIA, NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA • THE ECONOMY WAS BASED ON THE CASH CROPS OF TOBACCO, RICE, AND INDIGO • CLASS DIVISION BETWEEN VERY WEALTHY AND POOR • RELIANT ON SLAVE LABOR • SOME RELIGIOUS TOLERATION AS THE FOCUS OF THE REGION WAS TO MAKE MONEY • THE ATLANTIC OCEAN SERVED AS THE MIDDLE PASSAGE FOR THE SLAVE TRADE • MOSTLY RURAL AREAS WITH LESS URBAN GROWTH

33. SOUTHERN ECONOMY • TWO DISTINCT REGIONS: THE TIDEWATER (CLOSE TO WATER TRANSPORTATION) AND THE PIEDMONT • CHIEF PRODUCTS OF THE TIDEWATER AREA INCLUDED RICE, INDIGO, AND TOBACCO • CHIEF PRODUCTS IN THE PIEDMONT INCLUDED FARMING ON A SMALLER SCALE, TRAPPING GAME, AND HUNTING • TIDEWATER RESIDENTS AND PIEDMONT RESIDENTS FREQUENTLY CLASHED (BACON’S REBELLION) AS PIEDMONT RESIDENTS FELT THEIR CONCERNS WERE IGNORED BY COLONIAL LEGISLATURES

34. THE PIEDMONT THE PIEDMONT AREA TENDED TO BE LESS AFFLUENT THAN THE TIDEWATER AND MOST LIVED ON SMALL FARMS, TRAPPED, AND HUNTED GAME

35. THE TIDEWATER THIS DRAWING OF A TIDEWATER PLANTATION HIGHLIGHTS ITS CLOSENESS TO WATER AND ITS SIZE

36. THE PLANTATION SYSTEM • LESS CITIES DEVELOPED IN THE SOUTH THAN IN THE NORTH WHICH MEANT THAT PEOPLE NEEDED TO BE MORE SELF-SUFFICIENT IN THEIR HOMES AND IT ALSO MEANT FEWER ROADS AND HIGHWAYS WERE NEEDED • PLANTATIONS TENDED TO SPRING UP ALONG RIVERS AND STREAMS • THE SOUTHERN ECONOMY WAS RELIANT ON INDENTURED SERVANTS AND THEN SLAVES BUILT IN 1732 THE SHIRLEY PLANTATION LOCATED IN VIRGINIA IS A GOOD EXAMPLE OF A TYPICAL PLANTATION HOME

37. “CASH CROPS” IN THE SOUTH INCLUDED (CLOCKWISE FROM TOP RIGHT), INDIGO, RICE, AND TOBACCO

38. BEGINNINGS OF SLAVERY IN THE BRITISH COLONIES • IN 1612 A DUTCH SHIP SOLD 20 AFRICAN SLAVES TO COLONISTS AT JAMESTOWN THIS WAS THE BEGINNING OF SLAVERY IN THE AMERICAN COLONIES • WHILE MANY OF THESE BLACKS WERE EVENTUALLY GRANTED THEIR FREEDOM OTHER AFRICAN SLAVES WERE LATER BROUGHT IN • IT TOOK SOME TIME FOR AFRICANS TO BE USED ON A LARGE SCALE AS SLAVE LABOR • THE PRICE OF A SLAVE WAS EXTREMELY HIGH WHILE INDENTURED SERVANTS WERE LESS EXPENSIVE • AS THE WEALTH OF THE COLONY INCREASED AND THE NUMBER OF AVAILABLE INDENTURED SERVANTS DECLINED OWNING SLAVES BECAME MORE ECONOMICALLY DESIRABLE

39. RELIANCE ON SLAVE LABOR • ATTEMPTS TO ENSLAVE NATIVE AMERICANS FAILED FOR BOTH SPANISH AND BRITISH • INDENTURED SERVANTS WERE CHEAPER BUT NOT COST EFFECTIVE IN THE LONG RUN • SLAVES MORE EXPENSIVE INITIALLY BUT BECAUSE THEY WERE NOT PAID OR GRANTED THEIR FREEDOM IT WAS MORE COST EFFECTIVE OVER TIME • MANY SAW AFRICANS’ BLACK SKIN AS A SIGN OF INFERIORITY

40. WHY ENSLAVE AFRICANS? • DIFFICULT IF NOT IMPOSSIBLE TO ENSLAVE NATIVE AMERICANS • WHITES TENDED TO FEEL CULTURALLY SUPERIOR TO AFRICANS • DISTANCE OF AFRICA TO “NEW WORLD” TENDED TO MAKE AFRICANS FEEL DISCONNECTED AND MADE IT MORE DIFFICULT FOR THEM TO TRY TO GET HOME AND THEY WERE UNFAMILIAR WITH THE TERRAIN IF THEY DID ESCAPE • WHITES, AS CHRISTIANS, FELT AN “OBLIGATION” TO CONVERT BLACKS TO CHRISTIANITY

41. SLAVE SHIP • THIS DIAGRAM SHOWS THE TYPICAL LAYOUT OF HOW SLAVES WERE PACKED IN THE HOLD OF A SLAVING VESSEL • COMFORT AND SAFETY TOOK A DISTANT SECOND TO ENSURING THAT A SUFFICIENT NUMBER OF SLAVES WOULD SURVIVE THE VOYAGE PROVIDING THE SLAVERS A PROFIT FOR THEIR WORK

42. BRUTAL CONDITIONS IN THE MIDDLE PASSAGE • THIS DRAWING OF SLAVES ON DECK OF A SLAVE SHIP HIDES THE UNBELIEVABLY HARSH CONDITIONS THAT THE SLAVES ENDURED DURING THE MIDDLE PASSAGE BETWEEN AFRICA AND THE CARIBBEAN • SLAVES WERE FREQUENTLY BRUTALIZED, MISTREATED AND FORCED TO LIVE FOR WEEKS ON END IN INDIVIDUAL SPACES NO LARGER THAN A GRAVE WITH LITTLE FOOD AND WATER • THE TOLL OF THESE CONDITIONS WAS HORRENDOUS AND A VOYAGE WHICH RESULTED IN LESS THAN ONE-QUARTER OF THE CARGO DYING WAS CONSIDERED SUCCESSFUL.

43. SLAVE AUCTIONS • SLAVES WERE BETTER FED AS THEY APPROACHED THE NEW WORLD IN ORDER TO MAKE THEM MORE “SALEABLE” • THEIR BODIES WERE OILED DOWN TO MAKE THEIR SKIN LOOK MORE HEALTHY AND HOT TAR WOULD BE USED TO FILL “IMPERFECTIONS” SUCH AS SCARS FROM BEATINGS AND WHIPPINGS ON BOARD SLAVE SHIPS • SLAVES WOULD THEN BE SOLD TO THE HIGHEST BIDDER

44. BLACKS WEREN’T ALWAYS SLAVES • ANTHONY JOHNSON A WEST AFRICAN WAS AN EXAMPLE OF THE AMBIGUOUS STATUS OF EARLY BLACK SETTLERS. • “ANTONIO A NEGRO," AS HE WAS CALLED IN EARLY RECORDS ARRIVED IN VIRGINIA IN 1621 AND WORKED ON A TOBACCO PLANTATION • IT IS NOT CLEAR WHETHER HE WAS AN INDENTURED SERVANT OR A SLAVE • IN ADDITION TO HIS PLANTATION WORK ANTHONY WAS ABLE TO TEND HIS OWN CROPS INCLUDING TOBACCO AND KEEP LIVESTOCK • HE MARRIED ANOTHER WEST AFRICAN AND THEY HAD CHILDREN • EVENTUALLY THEY WERE ABLE TO BUY THEIR FREEDOM AND THEIR OWN LAND • HE TOOK THE NAME JOHNSON AND HIS WIFE WAS NAMED MARY.

45. BY 1650 THEY OWNED 250 ACRES IN VIRGINIA AND IN 1665, THEY MOVED TO MARYLAND, WHERE THEY LEASED A 300-ACRE TRACT OF LAND • ANTHONY DIED FIVE YEARS LATER AND MARY RENEGOTIATED THE LEASE FOR ANOTHER 99 YEARS. • THAT SAME YEAR, A COURT IN VIRGINIA RULED THAT, BECAUSE "HE WAS A NEGRO AND BY CONSEQUENCE AN ALIEN," THE LAND OWNED BY JOHNSON (IN VIRGINIA) RIGHTFULLY BELONGED TO THE CROWN • IT IS INTERESTING TO NOTE THAT JOHNSON OWNED AT LEAST ONE SLAVE • THERE IS A COURT RECORD IN WHICH A NEIGHBOR TRIED TO TAKE THE SLAVE AWAY BY ARGUING THATJOHNSON HIMSELF WAS BLACK BUT THE COURT SIDED WITH JOHNSON TOBACCO FIELD

46. THE JOHNSON FAMILY STORY SHOWS THAT RACE WAS NOT INITIALLY THE MAJOR FACTOR FOR DETERMINING SLAVE STATUS UNDER THE LAW • IN FACT RACIAL LINES WERE NOT CLEARLY DEFINED UNTIL THE LATE 1600s WHEN INTERRACIAL MARRIAGE BECAME A CRIME • LAWS WERE ALSO PASSED THAT MADE IT A CRIME FOR MINISTERS TO MARRY INTERRACIAL COUPLES • SUBSEQUENT LAWS DEFINED PEOPLE AS BLACK IF AT LEAST ONE GRANDPARENT WAS BLACK • BY THE TIME THE REVOLUTION BEGAN INTERRACIAL MARRIAGE WAS ILLEGAL THROUGHOUT THE COLONIES AND THIS CEMENTED RACE-BASED SLAVERY IN AMERICA.

47. VIRGINIA REGULATED SLAVERY

48. SLAVERY IN THE NORTHERN COLONIES NONE OF THE ORIGINAL 13 COLONIES WERE FREE OF SLAVERY; HOWEVER, UNLIKE THAT OF THE SOUTH, THE ECONOMY OF THE NORTH WAS NOT BASED ON SLAVE LABOR SLAVE MARKET IN NEW YORK HARBOR

49. IN NEW YORK’S FERTILE HUDSON RIVER VALLEY PLANTATION AGRICULTURE WAS WORKED BY INDENTURED SERVANTS AND SLAVES • IN FACT NEW YORK HAD THE HIGHEST PERCENTAGE OF SLAVES - 11% OF THE POPULATION AND THE BUSY PORT OF NEW YORK HAD MORE WORKING SLAVES DURING THE COLONIAL PERIOD THAN ANY CITY EXCEPT CHARLESTOWN IN SOUTH CAROLINA IN THE NORTH IT WAS COMMON FOR SLAVES TO BE HOUSE SERVANTS, CRAFTSMEN, AND LABORERS OFTEN WORKING ALONGSIDE FREE LABOR UNDER SIMILAR CONDITIONS

50. BLACKS AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE ENTIRE POPULATION 1770