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Ontologies to structure models and modeling tasks

July 2002. CSM2002, AB HS. 2. The Message. An ontology is a body of structured knowledge, shared by all stakeholders for (re-)use by man and computerTo define knowledge on modeling:Ontology of the modeling process (modeling tasks)To define knowledge on the problemOntology of the object sys

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Ontologies to structure models and modeling tasks

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    1. July 2002 CSM2002, AB + HS 1 Ontologies to structure models and modeling tasks Adrie J.M. Beulens and Huub Scholten Wageningen Universiteit, Toegepaste Informatiekunde

    2. July 2002 CSM2002, AB + HS 2 The Message An ontology is a body of structured knowledge, shared by all stakeholders for (re-)use by man and computer To define knowledge on modeling: Ontology of the modeling process (modeling tasks) To define knowledge on the problem Ontology of the object system To develop and exchange models : need for a common model representation format --> develop first: Ontology of (quantitative, algebraic) models

    3. July 2002 CSM2002, AB + HS 3 Topics Introduction Why ontologies? What are ontologies? Why ontologies to solve modeling problems An overall picture Discussion

    4. July 2002 CSM2002, AB + HS 4 Introduction 20 years ago: Ontology: esoteric part of philosophy, about being, about what can be mentioned (Gruninger & Lee, 2002) Aristotele distinguished in his system theoretical philosophy (physics, ontology, logics) and practical philosophy (ethics, politics, poetics). The ontology studies ‘what is’ as such , their nature, characteristics and mutual relations Now (May 2002): Google finds 310.000 websites on ‘ontology’ Term borrowed from knowledge engineering examples

    5. July 2002 CSM2002, AB + HS 5 Example sites on ‘Ontology’ Gene ontology consortium What is an ontology? Ontology.Org - enabling virtual business Ontology - descriptive and formal The ontology page Buffalo ontology site W3C web ontology (webont) working group KR/DB conferences and journal cfps Enterprise project: The enterprise ontology Kbs/ontology projects worldwide

    6. July 2002 CSM2002, AB + HS 6 Why ontologies? (1) A help in structuring complex definitions and arrive at shared understanding Here: what elements are needed/allowed in a model definition what knowledge of an object system is required/essential/relevant to solve a problem using models what knowledge/expertise on modeling is required for a Good Modeling Practice Used for: defining knowledge in general: Internet/WWW defining protocols in medics and other guidelines hierarchical knowledge (ecosystems, car repair, ….)

    7. July 2002 CSM2002, AB + HS 7 Why ontologies? (2) Communication: Between people Between computers/systems Between man and computer Re-use of knowledge Make assumptions Explicit Ordering and structuring of knowledge Analysing of knowledge

    8. July 2002 CSM2002, AB + HS 8 What are ontologies? Two definitions: Gruber 1994 (for AI systems): A formal specification of a shared conceptualisation (Concept = what “exists” is that which can be represented) Borst, 1997: An ontology is a formal specification of a shared conceptualisation Ontologies consists of Concepts (things you can discuss) Relations between concepts (consists of, must be preceded by, etc.) Functions (relations with 1 result) Instants (specific concept, not generic) Axiomata (knowledge on concepts/relations that can be checked on its logics)

    9. July 2002 CSM2002, AB + HS 9 Representations of ontologies Languages: Old: ontolingua , KIF, OKBC, etc. New (xml-based): XOL, RDF, OIL, DAML+OIL Tools: Old: server in Stanford University Knowledge Systems Laboratory New: Protegé2000 OilEd OntoEdit Examples ‘formats’: internet

    10. July 2002 CSM2002, AB + HS 10 The role of ontologies in MBDS MB-DS = Model Based Decision Support Discussed here ontologies on Problem/object-system ontology Model ontology Modeling ontology How are these related

    11. Example (greenhouse): diagram

    12. Example (greenhouse): ontology in XML/RDF

    13. July 2002 CSM2002, AB + HS 13 Problem/object system ontology Making explicit: What we are interested in in the OS + reason (problem) Application domain (which knowledge / science / theories etc.) Problem owner Problem: type of application planning design research operational management description Existing models

    14. July 2002 CSM2002, AB + HS 14 Model ontology What is a model ontology? ontology of concepts and mutual relations describing the structure of models (within a modeling paradigm?) What part of a OS ontology is reflected in a model (paradigm) ontology and how is it reflected? Examples of model ontologies: Jan Top (ATO): physical models to be done (Huub Scholten) ontology on eco-physiological processes of bivalves (+instances) RWS/RIKZ: generic model for estuarine ecosystems

    15. July 2002 CSM2002, AB + HS 15 Modeling ontology Examples of preliminary steps towards a modeling ontology: GMP handbook NEN-norms for modeling water management in the Netherlands Process oriented: tasks and mutual dependencies name of task what? definition who? modeller, client stakeholder how? (advice on) methods which problems to be expected? pitfalls & sensitivities

    16. MB-DS-ontology

    17. July 2002 CSM2002, AB + HS 17 Projects related to MB-DS-ontology Dutch GMP handbook Norms for model use for Dutch water management HarmoniQuA ATO AMEPS

    18. July 2002 CSM2002, AB + HS 18 Discussion How consistent is the presented approach? Object system ontology Model ontology Modeling ontology How to deal with domain specific aspects? Representation formats important?

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