PMS: pre Menstrual syndrome

1. PMS: pre Menstrual syndrome • symptoms usually _ • Symptoms usually stop when menstruation begins, or shortly thereafter. • exact cause of PMS has not been identified • estimated to affect up _____________________________ during their childbearing years • Symptoms: • headache, ankle swelling, back ache, abdominal cramps, abdominal pain, breast tenderness, weight gain, cold sores, acne flare-ups, nausea, constipation/diarrhea, food cravings, irritable, clumsy

2. Dysmenorrhea • Begins a day or so before menstruation and ends when the bleeding stops • May be related to _ • Primary dysmenorrhea: • occurs in “healthy” women. • not related to any specific problems with the uterus or other pelvic organs. • Secondary dysmenorrhea: • caused by _______________________________________ or structural abnormality either within or outside the uterus

3. Genetic Sex Determination • Genetic sex is determined by the sex chromosomes each gamete contains • There are two types of sex chromosomes_ • Females have two X chromosomes; males have one X and one Y • Hence, all eggs have an X chromosome; half the sperm have an X, and the other half a Y • A single gene on the Y chromosome, the _________________________, initiates testes development and determines maleness

4. Development of External Genitalia: Male • Under the influence of testosterone • _________________________________ enlarges forming the penis • ___________________________________ elongates and closes completely • Urethral folds give rise to the _ • ____________________________________ swellings develop into the scrotum

5. Development of External Genitalia: Female • In the _ • Genital tubercle gives rise to the _ • The ________________________________ as the vestibule • The urethral folds become _ • The labioscrotal swellings _

6. Descent of the Gonads • About 2 months before birth and stimulated by testosterone, the _________________________________________ and enter the scrotum • fibrous cord that extends from the testes to the scrotum • Spermatic cord • blood vessels, nerves, and fascial layers that help suspend the testes • Ovaries also descend, but are _______________________________________________ at the pelvic brim

7. Development Aspects: Puberty • Reproductive organs grow to adult size and become functional • Secondary sex characteristics appear • Characteristics of puberty • Males • __________________________________________ and scrotum, appearance of axillary and facial hair, _ • Females • enlarging of the breasts, ____________________________________ , and dependable ovulation

8. Menopause • Ovulation and menses _ • Without sufficient _________________________ , reproductive organs and breasts atrophy • Skin blood vessels undergo intense vasodilation (hot flashes occur) • Gradual thinning of the skin and bone loss • Males have no equivalent to menopause

9. From Egg to Embryo • Pregnancy • events that occur from _ • the developing offspring • from the last menstrual period until birth

10. From Egg to Embryo • Preembryo • conceptus from _ • Embryo • conceptus during the _ • Fetus • conceptus from the _

11. Accomplishing Fertilization • The oocyte is viable for _ • Sperm is viable _ • For fertilization to occur, coitus must occur no more than: • Three days before ovulation • 24 hours after ovulation • Fertilization • when a sperm fuses with an egg to _

12. Sperm Transport and Capacitation • Fates of ejaculated sperm: • Leak out of the vagina immediately after deposition • Fail to make it through the cervix • Dispersed in the uterine cavity or destroyed by _ • Reach the uterine tubes • Sperm must undergo ________________________________ before they can penetrate the oocyte

13. Acrosomal Reaction and Sperm Penetration • An ovulated oocyte is encapsulated by: • The _ • Extracellular matrix • Sperm binds to the zonapellucida and undergoes the _ • _____________________________________ are released near the oocyte • Hundreds of acrosomes release their enzymes _

15. Completion of Meiosis II and Fertilization • Upon entry of sperm, the secondary oocyte: • Casts out the second polar body • The ovum nucleus swells, and the two nuclei approach each other • When fully swollen, the two nuclei are called _ • Fertilization • when the _

16. Preembryonic Development • The first cleavage produces _ • the 16 or more cell stage (72 hours old) • By the fourth or fifth day the preembryo consists of 100 or so cells (blastocyst)

17. Preembryonic Development • a fluid-filled hollow sphere composed of: • A single layer of _ • An _ • Trophoblaststake part in _ • The inner cell mass becomes the _

18. Implantation • Begins ______________________________________ when the trophoblasts adhere to a properly prepared endometrium • The trophoblasts then proliferate and form _ • Cytotrophoblast • cells of the inner layer that retain their cell boundaries • Syncytiotrophoblast • cells in the outer layer that lose their plasma membranes _

19. Implantation • The implanted blastocyst is covered over by endometrial cells • Implantation is completed by the _

20. Implantation • Viability of the corpus luteum is maintained by human chorionic gonadotropin(_______________) secreted by the _ • hCG prompts the corpus luteum to continue to secrete progesterone and estrogen • Chorion • developed from trophoblasts after implantation, continues this hormonal stimulus • Between the second and third month, the placenta: • Assumes the role of progesterone and estrogen production • Is providing _

21. Placentation • Formation of the placenta from: • ______________________________________ endometrial tissues • The placenta is fully formed and functional by the _

22. Placentation • Embryonic placental barriers include: • The _ • The endothelium of embryonic capillaries • The _____________________________ also secretes other hormones • human placental lactogen, human chorionic thyrotropin, and relaxin

23. Embryonic Membranes • Amnion • Provides a ______________________________________ that protects the embryo • Helps maintain _ • Amniotic fluid comes from maternal blood, and later, fetal urine

24. Embryonic Membranes • Forms part of the _ • Produces earliest __________________________ and vessels • Is the source of primordial germ cells

25. Embryonic Membranes • a small outpocketing at the caudal end of the yolk sac • Structural base for the _ • Becomes part of the _ • helps form the _ • Encloses the embryonic body and all other membranes

26. Gastrulation • During the 3rd week, the _____________________________________becomes a _ • The primary germ layers are ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

27. Primary Germ Layers • Serve as primitive tissues from which all body organs will derive • forms structures of the nervous system and skin epidermis • forms epithelial linings of the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems • forms all other tissues • Endoderm and ectoderm are securely joined and are considered epithelia

28. Effects of Pregnancy • ________________________________________ develops a purplish hue • Breasts enlarge and their _ • The uterus expands, occupying most of the abdominal cavity

29. Effects of Pregnancy • ______________________________ is common due to the change of the body’s center of gravity • ______________________________ causes pelvic ligaments and the pubic symphysis to relax • Typical weight gain is about 29 pounds