Terrorism and Special Services: two sides of one coin

1. Terrorism and Special Services: two sides of one coin • Terrorist organizations are founded by secret services in order to influence developing events. • Terrorism is an instrument in geopolitical rivalry.

2. Introduction • “Narrow” perception of terrorism. • Scientists’ explanations of present terrorist activity • terrorism wave is a response to unjust distribution of income between rich and poor countries • Huntington theory about "civilization clash“ • distant echoes of the "cold war“ (by Michel Libih)

3. Double standards in approaches to terrorism (the USA)- I • The "Irangate" case - CIA was caught selling weapons to the "enemy" - Iran, and the money gained were spent to finance and equip terrorist groups of Nicaraguan "contras". • Many special secret organizations with private status were founded ("asteroids" ). They played leading role in selling weapons to Iran and Iraq during the 8- year long war between those two countries.

4. Double standards in approaches to terrorism (the USA) - II • Afghan war: • training of revolutionary group members in Pakistan • search for regional terrorist leaders most fitting for USA against the Soviet Union • supplements of small arms and heavy antiaircraft weapons

5. Double standards in approaches to terrorism (the USA) - III • special "medrese" for future guerilla generation "breeding“ • American intelligence representatives and members of Moslem radical centers were dispatched for psychophysical and fighting training of mojahed groups and for operations' planning • 3 billion dollars – official cost of the US mojahed war against Cabul and USSR

6. Double standards in approaches to terrorism (USSR – RF) - I • “Kurd issue”: • Soviet government used Kurds as means of weakening American and British influence in the Middle East, provided political hideout for Kurd refugees • in the Soviet Union Kurds were continuously prepared for sabotage and demolition work • the guerilla officers were then trained in Soviet military colleges and academies

7. Double standards in approaches to terrorism (USSR – RF) - II • Russian special services play on "Kurd issue" • In 1998 the leader of Kurd Working Party Abdulla Odjallan was hiding in Russia

8. New phenomenon - spec-terrorism I • Secret services interact and cooperate closely with terrorists. • Secret services recruit terrorists and use them in their own purposes • Terrorists recruit agents within government and intelligence (Columbia, Mexico, Chechnya)

9. New phenomenon - spec-terrorism II • The process ends up with intelligence and terrorist integration and creates certain spec-terrorist formation which can suppress current State system. • In order to widen its social basis and partly justify terrorist sponsors in terms of public opinion, terrorism applies to ideas of fighting for freedom, defending human rights, realization of nation's rights for self-determination (Chechnya)

10. Conclusion • Terrorism is a consequence of shadow politics • Terrorism cannot be defeated until governments do not stop using it • Policy making decision process has to be a transparent procedure, otherwise it will always be a temptation to use forbidden methods in politics