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Ammonia Volatilization from Wet Animal Manures

Ammonia Volatilization from Wet Animal Manures. C.W. Wood, J.J. Meisinger, P.A. Moore, Jr., and R.B. Thompson Auburn University, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD and Fayetteville, AR. I. Problems With NH 3 Volatilization. Acid Atmospheric Deposition raises pH of rainwater, more SO 2 dissolves

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Ammonia Volatilization from Wet Animal Manures

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  1. Ammonia Volatilization from Wet Animal Manures C.W. Wood, J.J. Meisinger, P.A. Moore, Jr., and R.B. Thompson Auburn University, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD and Fayetteville, AR

  2. I. Problems With NH3 Volatilization • Acid Atmospheric Deposition • raises pH of rainwater, more SO2 dissolves • ammonium sulfate forms - oxidizes soil • releases sulfuric & nitric acid • Eutrophication • water and land • Loss of N to farmers • Lowers N:P

  3. II. Sources of NH3 on Livestock Farms • Manure Application • Animal Housing • Manure Storage • Grazing • Fertilizer Application • Crops Descending Order of Importance Bussink & Oenema, 1998

  4. III. Nature and Handling

  5. Liquid Semisolid Solid % DM 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Description Thin to Thick Slurry As Defecated Partially Dried Considerable Drying Water Water Added As Defecated Water Removed Pumped Scraped Handling Liquid Handling Equipment Semisolid or Solid Handling Equipment Solid Handling Equipment Loehr, 1974

  6. Travelling Gun

  7. Tank Spreaders

  8. IV. Factors Affecting NH3 Volatilization From Liquid Manures A. Time

  9. Pig Slurry; New Zealand; 368 kg N/ha applied 15.5% of NH4-N

  10. IV. Factors Affecting NH3 Volatilization From Liquid Manures B. Those That Affect Transfer of Gas Between Soil Solution and the Atmosphere

  11. Solution/Atmosphere Interface • Mattila (1998) - cattle slurry - 0 NH3v with injection; band < broadcast • Sommer and Ersboll (1994) - cattle and swine slurry- NH3v from injected slurry in tilled soil was 30% of that from unworked soil; harrowing before surface application reduced NH3v by 50% • Sharpe & Harper (1997) - swine effluent -13% of TAN lost via spray drift, 69% more after settling

  12. Solution/Atmosphere Interface • Sommer et al. (1997) - pig slurry - trail hose application resulted in 1/2 TAN loss of splash plate application; trail hose more effective under large plant canopy and low solar radiation

  13. Air Velocity • Sommer et al. (1991) - cattle slurry • NH3v rate increased to 2.5 m/sec; no change between 2.5 and 4 m/sec • crust formation with increased wind speed may increase liquid phase resistance

  14. Rainfall/Soil Moisture • Beauchamp et al. (1982) - cattle slurry • rainfall depressed volatilization temporarily • difficult to distinguish from effect of temperature (rainfall = lower temperature) • may leach soluble ammoniacal N into soil • Sommer et al. (1991) - cattle slurry • frozen soil prevented infiltration • NH3v rate low, but constant - 6-day cumulative loss high

  15. IV. Factors Affecting NH3 Volatilization From Liquid Manures C. Those That Affect Rate of Chemical Reaction

  16. [ammoniacal N]

  17. NH3L NH3G KHN = [NH3G]/[NH3L] NH4+NH3 + H+K= [NH3]x[H+]/[NH4+] CO2 + H2O HCO3 + H+ K= [HCO3]x[H+]/[CO2] Basic Chemistry

  18. Swine Waste TAN

  19. Cattle Waste TAN

  20. Poultry Waste TAN

  21. [ammoniacal N] • Brunke et al. (1988) - surface applied swine and dairy slurries • linear relationship between ammonia volatilization and [ammoniacal N] • Frost (1994) - surface applied cattle slurry • amount of dilution water added was linearly and inversely related to volatilization • dilution of 0.9-1.2:1 water:slurry lowered specific volatilization/unit slurry by 50%

  22. [ammoniacal N] • Stevens et al. (1992) - surface applied cattle slurry • 50% decrease with separation through 10-mm mesh plus dilution with 86% by volume of water • 75% decrease with separation through 5-mm mesh plus dilution with 100% by volume of water

  23. Temperature

  24. Micro-meteorological studies • April/May 97 • 38 m3 ha-1 • 51 kg NH4+-N ha-1 • December 96 • 88 m3 ha-1 • 91 kg NH4+-N ha-1 Two applications to arable land (corn stubble)

  25. Ammonia Loss from Cattle Slurry applied 30 April • rate 38 m3 ha-1, • applied to corn stubble • measured with MM Total 8 day loss = 71% of NH4+-N Rate NH3 loss (gN ha-1 hr-1) Air temp hours

  26. Ammonia Loss from Cattle Slurry applied 5 December • rate 88 m3 ha-1, • applied to corn stubble • measured with MM Total loss = 19% of NH4+-N 26 mm RF Rate NH3 loss (gN ha-1 hr-1) 11 mm RF { Air temp hours

  27. pH

  28. AR swine manure; 150 kg N/ha

  29. AR swine manure; 150 kg N/ha; AlCl3 0-0.75%v

  30. AR swine manure; 150 kg N/ha; AlCl3 0-0.75%v

  31. Other Factors • Soil CEC - minimum of 25 meq/100 g (Sharpe & Harper, 1995) • Soil pH • Atmospheric [NH3] • Plant absorption

  32. Summary • NH3 volatilization causes environmental problems and economic losses to farmers • NH3 volatilization from liquid animal manures is fast • Exposure to the soil surface enhances NH3 volatilization from liquid animal manures • Environmental factors have a large influence • [ammoniacal-N] probably has the greatest influence • Dilution and acidification can help control NH3 volatilization from surface applied wet animal manures

  33. Research Needs • A coordinated research program is needed on NH3v from wet manures that encompasses a wide range of manures, weather conditions, and soil-tillage systems. Databases developed from such a research program would contribute to improved estimates of NH3v and improved management techniques for wet manures. • Research should include a continuum from source to atmosphere.

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