Learning disabilities - what are they ?

1. Learning disabilities - what are they? 1. Learning Disabilities refers to a variety of disorders that affect the acquisition, retention, understanding, organization or use of verbal and/or non-verbal information. 2. Learning disabilities are present in at least 10 percent of the population.

2. What is a learning disability? • Interestingly, there is no clear and widely accepted definition of "learning disabilities." Because of the multidisciplinary nature of the field, there is ongoing debate on the issue of definition.

3. These disparate definitions do agree on certain factors: • The learning disabled have difficulties with academic achievement and progress. • The learning disabled show an uneven pattern of development (language development, physical development, academic development and/or perceptual development). • Learning problems are not due to environmental disadvantage. • Learning problems are not due to mental retardation or emotional disturbance.

4. Kategori Masalah Pembelajaran? Dignosa perubatan di bawah kategori ini merangkumi: 1. Lewat Perkembangan (Global Development Delay) (bagi kanak- kanak berumur < 3 tahun) 2. Down' Syndrome dan Autisma 3. Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) 4. Terencat Akal (Mental Retardation) (bagi kanak-kanak berumur > 3 tahun) 5. Masalah pembelajaran spesifik seperti dyslexia, dyspraxia, Hyperlexia,apraxia dll

5. How prevalent are learning disabilities? • Experts estimate that 6 to 10 percent of the school-aged population in the United States is learning disabled. • Nearly 40 percent of the children enrolled in the nation's special education classes suffer from a learning disability. The Foundation for Children With Learning Disabilities estimates that there are 6 million adults with learning disabilities as well.

6. What causes learning disabilities? Little is currently known about the causes of learning disabilities. However, some general observations can be made:

7. Some causes • Some children develop and mature at a slower rate than others in the same age group. As a result, they may not be able to do the expected school work. This kind of learning disability is called "maturational lag." • Some children with normal vision and hearing may misinterpret everyday sights and sounds because of some unexplained disorder of the nervous system. • Injuries before birth or in early childhood probably account for some later learning problems. • Children born prematurely and children who had medical problems soon after birth sometimes have learning disabilities. • Learning disabilities tend to run in families, so some learning disabilities may be inherited. • Learning disabilities are more common in boys than girls, possibly because boys tend to mature more slowly. • Some learning disabilities appear to be linked to the irregular spelling, pronunciation, and structure of the English language. The incidence of learning disabilities is lower in Spanish or Italian speaking countries.

8. Learning disabilities typically affect five general areas: • Spoken language: delays, disorders, and deviations in listening and speaking. • Written language: difficulties with reading, writing and spelling. • Arithmetic: difficulty in performing arithmetic operations or in understanding basic concepts. • Reasoning: difficulty in organizing and integrating thoughts. • Memory: difficulty in remembering information and instructions.

9. Among the symptoms commonly related to learning disabilities are: • poor performance on group tests • difficulty discriminating size, shape, color • difficulty with temporal (time) concepts • reversals in writing and reading • general awkwardness • poor visual-motor coordination • hyperactivity

10. Among the symptoms commonly related to learning disabilities are: • difficulty copying accurately from a model • slowness in completing work • poor organizational skills • easily confused by instructions • difficulty with abstract reasoning and/or problem solving • disorganized thinking • often obsesses on one topic or idea • poor short-term or long-term memory

11. Among the symptoms commonly related to learning disabilities are: • impulsive behavior; lack of reflective thought prior to action • low tolerance for frustration • excessive movement during sleep • poor peer relationships • overly excitable during group play • poor social judgment • inappropriate, unselective, and often excessive display of affection • lags in developmental milestones (e.g. motor, language)

12. When considering these symptoms, it is important to remain mindful of the following: • No one will have all these symptoms. • Among LD populations, some symptoms are more common than others. • All people have at least two or three of these problems to some degree. • The number of symptoms seen in a particular child does not give an indication as whether the disability is mild or severe. It is important to consider if the behaviors are chronic and appear in clusters.

13. Pointers for parents of children with learning disabilities. • Take the time to listen to your children as much as you can (really try to get their "Message"). • Love them by touching them, hugging them, tickling them, wrestling with them (they need lots of physical contact). • Look for and encourage their strengths, interests, and abilities. Help them to use these as compensations for any limitations or disabilities. • Reward them with praise, good words, smiles, and pat on the back as often as you can. • Accept them for what they are and for their human potential for growth and development. Be realistic in your expectations and demands. • Involve them in establishing rules and regulations, schedules, and family activities. • Tell them when they misbehave and explain how you feel about their behavior; then have them propose other more acceptable ways of behaving. • Help them to correct their errors and mistakes by showing or demonstrating what they should do. Don't nag!

14. Give them reasonable chores and a regular family work responsibility whenever possible. • Give them an allowance as early as possible and then help them plan to spend within it. • Provide toys, games, motor activities and opportunities that will stimulate them in their development. • Read enjoyable stories to them and with them. Encourage them to ask questions, discuss stories, tell the story, and to reread stories. • Further their ability to concentrate by reducing distracting aspects of their environment as much as possible (provide them with a place to work, study and play). • Don't get hung up on traditional school grades! It is important that they progress at their own rates and be rewarded for doing so.

15. Take them to libraries and encourage them to select and check out books of interest. Have them share their books with you. Provide stimulating books and reading material around the house. • Help them to develop self-esteem and to compete with self rather than with others. • Insist that they cooperate socially by playing, helping, and serving others in the family and the community. • Serve as a model to them by reading and discussing material of personal interest. Share with them some of the things you are reading and doing. • Don't hesitate to consult with teachers or other specialists whenever you feel it to be necessary in order to better understand what might be done to help your child learn.

16. More than 100 genetic disorders are associated with lower developmental functioning and mental retardation. • Turner Syndrome (missing x chromosome-occur only in women) show an impairment in remembering faces and in classifying 'fear' in face images • Phenylketonuria ( normal growth but at the end enzymes are not produce) • Fragile X Syndrome (LD-IQ below 50) Constriction of the X Chromosome • Down syndrome

17. Children with Down syndrome Before & After Plastic surgery Chromosomal abnormalities

18. Types of DS • Standard • Mosaic • Translocation

19. Standard DS

20. Nondisjuction Before and After Conception

21. Nondisjunction After Conception

22. Translocation Down syndrome • refers to the rearranged chromosome material. There are three # 21 chromosomes, just like there are in trisomy 21, but one of the 21 chromosomes is attached to another chromosome, instead of being separate. • the extra 21 chromosome may be attached to the #14 chromosome, or to #s13, 15, or 22

23. What are the maternal age risks for Down syndrome?

24. Russel Silver Syndrom

25. If A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z is equal to 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

26. Hard Work H+A+R+D+W+O+R+K 8+1+18+4+23+15+18+11 = 98% Knowledge K+N+O+W+L+E+D+G+E 11+14+15+23+12+5+4+7+5 =96%

27. Love L+O+V+E 12+15+22+5 = 54% Luck L+U+C+K 12+21+3+11 = 47% ( don't most of us think this is the most important ??? )

28. Then what makes100% ? Is it Money? ... NO ! ! ! M+O+N+E+Y 13+15+14+5+25 = 72% Leadership? ... NO ! ! ! L+E+A+D+E+R+S+H+I+P 12+5+1+4+5+18+19+9+16 =89%

29. Every problem has a solution, only if we perhaps change our attitude. To go to the top, to that 100%, what we really need to go further... a bit more...

30. ATTITUDE A+T+T+I+T+U+D+E 1+20+20+9+20+21+4+5 = 100% It is OUR ATTITUDE towards Life and Work that makes OUR Life100%! ! !

31. ATTITUDE IS EVERYTHING Change Your Attitude … And You Change Your Life ! ! !

32. THANK YOU