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FAO and the Use of Wastewater in Agriculture

FAO and the Use of Wastewater in Agriculture. Javier Mateo-Sagasta Dávila FAO Land and Water Division. INDEX. Global figures on wastewater use in agriculture Why wastewater is used? How to manage risks ? FAO Program Capacity Development Project. Global figures.

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FAO and the Use of Wastewater in Agriculture

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  1. FAO and theUse of Wastewater in Agriculture Javier Mateo-Sagasta Dávila FAO Land and Water Division

  2. INDEX • Global figures on wastewater use in agriculture • Why wastewater is used? • How to manage risks? • FAO Program • Capacity Development Project

  3. Global figures Use of untreated or partially treated WW 50 Countries 5-20 million hectares Difficult to monitor by public authorities. May be underreported!

  4. Why wastewater is used Water Scarcity

  5. Why wastewater is used Water Pollution

  6. Why wastewater is used These two drivers are specially important in urban and periurban areas. Water Scarcity Fierce competition for clean water Water Pollution

  7. Why wastewater is used Consequence: Millions of farmers, specially in peri-urban areas, have no option but to use marginal quality water to irrigate their crops.

  8. Why wastewater is used Nutrients Macro nutrients (N and P), Micro nutrients (K, Ca, Mg…) Organic matter – Demand of chemical fertilizers is reduced – it may be the only source of fertilizers for poor farmers

  9. Why wastewater is used Monday Available all year round • Unlike rain water or natural water courses. • It Allows: • More types cof crops • More corps per year • Higher incomes Tuesday Springtime Summer

  10. Why wastewater is used Opportunitiesof water reuse Linear society: Pollution and lost resources Recycling society: Improved food security

  11. Risks • Hazards Parasitic Protozoa Helmints Ameba intestinalis Giardia Intestinalis Ascaris Virus Bacteria Others Heavey Metals Enteric Virus Cholera, typhus, salmonella

  12. Risks • Hazardsof wastewater use • pathogens, • Heavy metals, • Toxic organic compounds • Salts • Can Harm: • Human health • Environment • Crop productivity

  13. Risks • Groups at risk • Consumers • Farmers and their families • Close communities

  14. Risk management OPTION 1: Eliminate hazards: Safe Water Water Reclamation OPTION 2: Risk management: Multiple barriers Lower the hazard and reduce the exposure

  15. Risk management OPTION 1: Eliminate hazards: Safe Water • Common in high income countries • Strict water quality standards for reuse • Advanced Wastewater Treatment = water reclamation

  16. Risk management Plantas de tratamientos de aguas residuales en Ghana Wastewater Treatment Plants Source: Murray & Drechsel, 2011

  17. Risk management Cuantas funcionan? How many are really working? Source: Murray & Drechsel, 2011

  18. Risk management

  19. Risk management • Why they don’t work? • Not operated and • poorly maintained • Frequent power cuts • Lack of technical capacities • No capacity to pay

  20. Risk management OPTION 2: Risk management: Multiple barriers Lower the hazard and reduce the exposure • Types of barriers: • Treatment (low cost) • Crop restriction • Irrigation techniques • Produce washing or cooking

  21. Risk management OPTION 2: Risk management: Multiple barriers Most cost-effective combination of barriers

  22. FAO actions Objetives Promote the planned and safe use of wastewater in agriculture in order to: • Maximize opportunities for agriculture, cities and environment. • Minimize risks for consumers, farmers, closer communities.

  23. FAO actions 3 levels of intervention

  24. FAO actions International Guidelines PROCEDURE Multiple barriers • WHO • FAO • UNEP

  25. FAO actions Information products • FAO WR 35: The wealth of waste. The economics of wastewater use in agriculture • Report: Heavy metal and wastewater interactions

  26. FAO actions Globaloverviews • Wastewater data in AQUASTAT • State of Land and Water (SOLAW)

  27. FAO actions Training products Farm Field School manual on the safe wastewater use in agriculture

  28. FAO actions Field projects • Senegal • Angola • Egypt • Nicaragua • Guatemala • …

  29. Capacity development To promote the planned and safe use of wastewater in agriculture… Countries need to develop their capacities.

  30. Capacity development Capacity development

  31. Capacity development … but specifically • What capacities? • Whose capacities?

  32. Capacity development System level Policies, strategies, laws and regulations, Relationships, interdependencies and interactions among concerned stakeholders Organization level Resources (human, financial…) procedures, structures, culture, decision-making, infrastructure… Individual Level Knowledge and skills

  33. Capacity development Organizations Individual Level Knowledge, skills, competences. STAGE I

  34. Capacity development Organizations Individuals STAGE I - FINAL OUCOME • Qualified people in key organizations to formulate the right policies and put into practice the safe use of wastewater in agriculture. • Materials and methods • Identified experts • Dissemination strategy • Capacity building action plan

  35. THANK YOU!

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