Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering An Overview

1. Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringAn Overview Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Science Binghamton University, State University of New York Binghamton, NY 13902 May 2012

2. Department Research Areas Controls & Laser Comm V. Nikulin V. Skormin E. Wu Info Security Y. Chen S. Craver J. Fridrich V. Skormin D. Summerville DSP & Comm M. Fowler E. Li S. Zahorian Computer Design Y. Chen Z. Jin A. Carpenter D. Summerville VLSI, Micro- & Opto-Electronics S. Choi D. Klotzkin A. Rastogi C. Twigg Next

3. Aaron Carpenter • Computer architecture & VLSI design • Explore impact of new/emerging technologies on microprocessor design • Focus on the development of efficient chip-multiprocessors • Design and evaluate on-chip network topologies

4. Sustainable Harvesting and Treatment Energy Reduction in Waste Water Treatment Plants • Efficient energy harvesting from wastewater treatment process • Adaptive power conditioning circuitry using Field Programmable Analog Array (FPAA) devices • Self-powered Wireless Sensor Network for real-time, un-interrupted monitoring for waterwater treatment plants to reduce energy consumption Yu Chen, Christopher Twigg, OmowunmiSadik

5. User Centric Attestation and Trust (U-CAT) in Android Mobile Cloud Computing Environment • A collaborative research conducted with Air Force Research Lab and faculties from 7 other universities, Yu Chen is the PI of this project. • U-CAT aims at deeper understanding of human roles in mobile Cloud security operations • Research focus on Android Cloud platform and user-centric Android security applications for secure communication, user/device trust, data transmission and storage, sensitive information management services in heterogeneous cloud environments

6. BioMEMS & Bioelectronics Lab. Assistant Professor Seokheun (Sean) Choi The Choi group is interested in doing research at the interface of engineering and biology. We engineer BioMEMS and microfluidics to develop cutting-edge technologies for chemical/biological analysis and energy harvesting. Currently, we are focusing primarily on development of MEMS-based cancer biosensors and microbial fuel cells. [ G. Sulfurreducens generating current ] BioMEMS/Microfluidics Point-of-care Biochips Biofuel Cells

7. Experimental Descrambler--Craver

8. 5x Std. Method Estimation Error 5x Our Method Compression Ratio Fowler - Inference Centric Data Compression • Networked Sensors Collect Large Quantity of Data • Efficiently Share to Make Inferences (Estimations & Decisions) • Novel Approach: Balance Conflicts between Multiple Inferences • Many Application Areas: • Networked Drones (Locate Radiating Targets – cell phones, radars, etc.) • Sensor Networks: Strewn on Battlefield, Smart Buildings, Etc. • Sensors in “Smart Grid” Power Distribution System

9. Fowler – RF Location in Difficult Environments • Traditional Methods Can’t Cope with Challenging Propagation • Using New Theory of Sparsity to Develop New Methods • Indoor Localization… for Assistive Healthcare • Indoor Localization… of Mobile Phones • Localization of Medical RF Implants • Wireless Capsule Endoscopy to visualize and diagnose the human GI tract • Real-Time Tumor Tracking for Accurate Radiation Therapy “Motorola, Nokia and RIM to battle Google over indoor location market,” Forbes , 22 December 2011 Classical Method New Non-Sparse Location Error (cm) Our Sparse Method Path-Dependent Prop. Speed Severe Multipath Scenario SNR (dB)

10. Digital forensics-Fridrich • Can we tell if a digital image (or video) was taken by a specific camera? • Can we identify the brand? • Is it possible to reveal digitally manipulated images? • Can we tell when a picture was taken? • Sensor fingerprint • BU researchers pioneered a revolutionary method to answer these questions. • Sensors are not perfect – not all pixels are created equal. • Pixel defects form pattern noise that is unique to each sensor – camera fingerprint • FBI forensic analysts use this technology in court Detail of sensor fingerprint (enhanced for visualization) CCD sensor

11. Zhanpeng Jin — Cyber-Med Laboratory • Current Research Projects • Trustworthy and Intelligent Medical Monitoring and Diagnostic Platform • Assured Telemedicine in a Cloud Environment • Self-Healing and Self-Optimizing Neuromorphic Chips • Smart Indoor Location Positioning for Assistive Healthcare • Fast and Precise Localization of In-body Medical Implants • Future Broad Research Vision • Medical Cyber Physical Systems • Reliability, security, and safety of medical systems • Energy-efficient, flexible, and cost-effective devices for quality healthcare and well-being

12. Klotzkin Research Areas • Applied Optoelectronics, including • Semiconductor lasers • Fluorescence detection • Improved LED lighting Quantum dot laser characteristics AR Coating for LED lighting Polarization-filtered fluorescence system

13. Xiaohua (Edward) LiAssociate ProfessorResearch Interests & Current Projects • Ecological wireless communication networks • Project: Coexistence of heterogeneous cognitive radio networks -- Funded by NSF • Use population dynamic models and evolutionary game theory models (from theoretical ecology area) to study coexistence of primary & secondary users, legacy & new strategies, and spectrum access policies • Future extension to • Cognition and intelligence • Smart grid, complex networks

14. Wireless information assurance from physical layer security • Project: Anti-jamming cognitive radio networks – was supported by AFRL (summer visiting & SBIR) • Study the anti-jamming capability and design of cognitive radio networks which are thought to be extremely susceptible to jamming attacks • Future extension to • Hardware (DSP/FPGA)

15. Signal processing in communications • Project: Distributed OFDM transmissions without carrier-frequency and timing synchronization -- working jointly with some AFRL people • Develop algorithms that can mitigate carrier frequency and timing synchronization errors, which are ritically needed in cooperative transmission, relay, virtual MIMO system, network coding, etc • Project: Wireless network coding • Project: Fundamental capacity and performance of multi-hop wireless networking

16. Free-space optical/quantum communication--Nikulin Objective:Analyze propagation of quantum-encrypted signals in random media, such as turbulent atmosphere. Key Ideas:Analysis of beam propagation is combined with quantum decryption approaches. Challenges: Turbulent atmosphere creates spatial and temporal fields of the refractive index, resulting in chaotic perturbations to the optical phase fronts and affects detection capabilities of the systems with phase-based encryption Instantaneous wave front realization Alpha-Eta KCQ system is adopted for analysis and coherent measurements

17. Holographic Solar Concentrators--Nikulin Key Ideas: The flexible glass based substrate will support photovoltaic (PV) modules and selectively harvest infrared and ultraviolet radiation, simultaneously reducing PV operating temperatures and converting the undesirable heat generating photons into useful electrical energy in a specially designed TEC structure. Low cost holographic gratings patterned on the flexible glass, can be used to perform spectral filtering of the sunlight. The substrate will serve as planar waveguide and concentrator to remove heat generating UV and IR photons from the module and building. Solar energy scavenging system A multi-spectral holographic converter can be utilized as the upper layer for a traditional silicon PV panel or UV/IR blocking layer on a window pane. Heat-generating photons can be concentrated onto integrated thin film thermoelectric modules to scavenge additional energy

18. Research By ECE Faculty at CASP Earth abundant material solar cells Flexible and nano-solar cells Flexible and integrated supercapacitors • Low cost, thin film solar cells on flexible substrates using nano-technologies and earth abundant non-toxic materials • Roll-to-roll process abilities using non vacuum & mostly green process techniques • Solid state supercapacitors for energy storage integrated with integrated with solar cells forautonomoussolar power

19. POLYMER X AUTO-POLYMER III POLYMER POLYMER POLYMER POLYMER POLYMER package Supercapacitor Energy Storage Research Defining a New Paradigm in Solar Energy Storage and Delivery for in the Context of Emerging New Applications of Solar PV Systems Flexible supercapacitors Areas of Research • Development of multifunctional nano-architectures with • polymeric & engineered materials for supercapacitors • Build a sizable capacity to meet peak electricity • demand that cannot be met by solar modules alone Integrated architecture • Development of supercapacitor arrays integrated • with large area thin film flexible solar module • Development of Integration system electronics

20. Power Industry (Conventional and Nuclear Power Plants, Power Grid) is highly vulnerable to a novel, emerging types of information attacks: TARGETED ATTACKS Development of Computer Network Defenses for Power Industry is an increasingly important research direction EXISTING RESEARCH IN THIS AREA: V. SKORMIN - CURRENT PROJECT “SEMANTIC APPROACH TO BEHAVIOR-BASED IDS AND ITS APPLICATIONS” $2.3M (2012 – 2015, AFOSR) INTERNET Control Electronics (SCADA, PLC) Infection Central Computer Propagation Activation Infection Distorted control signals Servo mechanisms Destructive Actions

21. Covert Hardware: Detection of covert modifications to digital circuits--Summerville Problem:Malicious hardware can be hidden inside of a circuit via selective optimization, allowing production of covert Trojans that are highly resistant to detection. Objective:Research methods for the detection of malicious optimizations, and thus covert Trojans. Approach: Mathematically model the methods applied by a well-intentioned optimization algorithm. Develop criteria by which malicious optimizations can be identified. Outcome: Mathematically-proven methodology for the reliable, automated identification of covert hardware in an optimized circuit.

22. + - Large-Scale Reconfigurable and Programmable Analog / Mixed-Signal--Twigg Enables rapid development of analog / mixed-signal circuits and system, instead of months/years. Significant power savings are achievable using analog!

23. Research Interests – Eva Wu • Long term research • Fault tolerant control systems • Most recent focus: cost-effective solutions to preventing and mitigating blackouts in the electric power grid • Challenges • Growing stress in the North American transmission system • Uncertainties due to the penetration of intermittent energy sources • Opportunities (unique to my eyes) • Gradual entry of fast control devices (FACTS) and high sample rate measurement devices (PMUs) • Flexible grid-connection modes of micro-grids • My approach to answering the challenges: • Devise the most cost-effective and reliable real-time control strategies that exploit the above opportunities to prevent and mitigate major blackouts • Progress reported in recent publications • Criteria and solutions to placement of new PMUs (Phasor Measurement Units) into the grid • Development of real-time control strategies to tolerate disturbances due to transmission line faults using SVCs (Static VAR Compensators)

24. Automatic Speech Recognition Research by Stephen Zahorian 2 3 1 Spectrogram Basis vectors Speech waveform 4 5 ASR • *Funded Projects: • Detailed phonetic labeling • Tonal language recognition Rebuilt Spectrogram

25. ECE Labs • Research Labs (E&S) (Shared Labs) • Media Core • Survivable Computing Core • Network Security Core • System Sciences • Physical Electronics • Instructional Labs • Computer Engineering Lab in Engineering Building • Electronics Lab in Library, Ground Floor

26. Research Summary 2010-2011 • 6 books/ book chapters • 14 refereed journal articles • 49 national/international conference publications • 1.9 million in externally-funded research expenditures • 1.8 million in new research awards • 9 patents, $127k patent revenue since 2000

27. Some Research Applications Information/network/ hardware security Energy and Power Robotics Healthcare

28. Recent/Ongoing Activities in Information and Cyber Security • I3P application—Craver/Gopalan—submitted, Apr 23, 2012 • LOI for Masters in Cyber Security—Craver/Gopalan—just submitted to Nancy Stamp • NSF proposal to aid cyber security education– PI, Chen, submitted, Apr, 2012 • NSA certification—Skormin/Gopalan—In progress • AFRL effort—Combining nano and cyber--Skormin--In progress

29. Activities in Power/Energy • Roger Westgat--part-time ECE faculty member, director of CASP. • Alok Rastogi--thin film solar cells and integration of solar cells with ultra-capacitors • David Klotzk--anti-reflective coatings to improve operation of solar cells and LED lights • Eva Wu--adapting controls work to apply to smart grid control strategies • Victor Skormin--power grid security • Vlad Nikulin--modern electric drives

30. Activities in Health Care • Two recent faculty additions in this area • Zhanpeng Jin--cyber-med, medical monitoring • SoekheunChoi--bio-mems, bio-electronics • Signal processing related • Mark Fowler--DSP for “localization” for healthcare applications • Stephen Zahorian--speech signal processing for computer aided speech training