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L10: Protocols and Layering

L10: Protocols and Layering. Dina Katabi 6.033 Spring 2007 http://web.mit.edu/6.033 Some slides are from lectures by Nick Mckeown, Ion Stoica, Frans Kaashoek, Hari Balakrishnan, Sam Madden, and Robert Morris. Plan for studying network systems. Network Design. Problem

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L10: Protocols and Layering

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  1. L10: Protocols and Layering Dina Katabi 6.033 Spring 2007 http://web.mit.edu/6.033 Some slides are from lectures by Nick Mckeown, Ion Stoica, Frans Kaashoek, Hari Balakrishnan, Sam Madden, and Robert Morris

  2. Plan for studying network systems

  3. Network Design • Problem • How do we organize design of a network? • Solution • layering of protocols

  4. Layering of protocols • Layering is a particular form of abstraction • The system is broken into a vertical hierarchy of protocols • The service provided by one layer is based solely on the service provided by layer below

  5. Layering tools for nesting • Each layer adds/strips off its own header • Each layer may split up higher-level data • Each layer multiplexes multiple higher layers • Each layer is (mostly) transparent to higher layers data data data data data data data data

  6. Layering: The Internet HTTP Application End-to-End Layer Transport TCP Network IP Link Ethernet The 4-layer Internet model

  7. Multiplexing in the Internet • Many applications, transports, and link protocols • All use IP at the network layer HTTP SSH RTP Application TCP UDP Transport IP Internet Packet radio Ethernet Link

  8. Where are these layers? • Link and network layers are implemented everywhere • The end-to-end layer (i.e., transport and application) is implemented only at hosts Host Host Peer-layer communication Application Application Router Transport Transport Network Network Network Datalink Datalink Datalink Physical medium

  9. Clever usages of layering • Nesting layers to the extreme: tunneling • Run link layer over TCP (Virtual Private Network) • Router uses TCP as transport for routing protocol (e.g., BGP) • … HTTP TCP IP ssh TCP …

  10. Link Layer Problem: Deliver data from one end of the link to the other Need to address: • Bits Analog  Bits • Framing • Errors • Medium Access Control (The Ethernet Paper)

  11. Time 0 1 1 1 0 Manchester encoding • Each bit is a transition • Allows the receiver to sync to the sender’s clock

  12. Framing • Receiver needs to detect the beginning and the end of a frame • Use special bit-pattern to separate frames • E.g., pattern could be 1111111 (7 ones) • Bit stuffing is used to ensure that a special pattern does not occur in the data • If pattern is 1111111  Whenever the sender sees a sequence of 6 ones in the data, it inserts a zero (reverse this operation at receiver)

  13. Error Handling • Detection: • Use error detection codes, which add some redundancy to allow detecting errors • When errors are detected • Correction: • Some codes allow for correction • Retransmition: • Can have the link layer retransmit the frame (rare) • Discard: • Most link layers just discard the frame and rely on higher layers to retransmit

  14. This Lecture • To cope with the complexity, the network architecture is organized into layers • The link layer delivers data between two machines that are directly connected using a link

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