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Chapter 7- The Cell

Chapter 7- The Cell. Structure and Function. Life is Cellular. Section 7-1. Prokaryotes. Eukaryotes. Microscopes- Early Pioneers. 1665 - Robert Hooke Observed a piece of cork with a compound microscope Saw thousands of empty chambers Called these chambers “Cells”

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Chapter 7- The Cell

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  1. Chapter 7- The Cell Structure and Function

  2. Life is Cellular Section 7-1

  3. Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

  4. Microscopes- Early Pioneers • 1665 - Robert Hooke • Observed a piece of cork with a compound microscope • Saw thousands of empty chambers • Called these chambers “Cells” • 1674 - Anton van Leeuwenhoek • Used a single lens microscope to look at pond water • Revealed thousands of tiny living organisms

  5. Observations Robert Hooke’s “Cells” Leeuwenhoek’s “Organisms”

  6. Origins of the Cell Theory • 1838- Matthias Schleiden • All plants are made of cells • 1839- Theodore Schwann • All animals are made of cells • 1855- Rudolph Virchow • Cells arise from other cells

  7. The Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells Cells are the basic units of structure and functions in living things New cells are produced from preexisting cells

  8. The Cell • Most basic unit of life • Varying sizes (.2 μm -1000μm) • 2 Common Characteristics • Surrounded by a Cell Membrane • Contains DNA • 2 Types • Prokaryotes • Eukaryotes

  9. Prokaryotes • Bacteria & Archea • Pro- “Before” Karyon- “Nucleus” • Genetic information is NOT contained in nucleus • Condensed in an area called the “nucleoid” • Smaller and more simplistic.

  10. Eukaryotes Eu- “True” Karyon- “Nucleus” Genetic information is stored in the nucleus Contains membrane bound organelles Larger and more complex Plants, animals, fungi, and protists

  11. Prokaryote or Eukaryote?

  12. Prokaryote or Eukaryote?

  13. Prokaryote or Eukaryote?

  14. Prokaryote or Eukaryote?

  15. Prokaryote or Eukaryote?

  16. Prokaryote or Eukaryote?

  17. Light Microscopy • Confocal Light Microscopy • Scans cell with laser beam and builds a 3D model of cells and parts • Has its limits, light is diffracted as it passes through matter, limits the resolution of image. • Almost impossible to see proteins or viruses

  18. Electron Microscopes • Transmission Electron Microscopes • Beams of electrons are shot through a thin slice of a specimen • Allows detailed structures of small proteins to be seen • Scanning Electron Microscopes • Beam of electrons passes across specimen • Forms a highly detailed 3D image of the specimen • Must be done in a vacuum to work properly

  19. Electron Microscopes • Has a resolution 1000X that of light microscopes • Wavelengths of electrons are much shorter than light • 2 Types: • Transmission Electron Microscope • Scanning Electron Microscope

  20. New Advances in Microscopy • Scanning Probe Microscope • Traces surface of specimen with a probe • So powerful it has observed a single atom • Can operate in ordinary air (no special conditions needed) • Used to image DNA and protein molecules

  21. Examples of Microscopy

  22. Eukaryotic Cell Structure Section 7-2

  23. Eukaryotic Cells Intro • Highly complex • Organelles • Specialized structures within the cell • Divides Cell into 2 Sections • Nucleus • Cytoplasm

  24. The Cytoplasm Portion of the cell outside the nucleus Houses most organelles

  25. The Nucleus • Control Center of the cell • Contains almost all the cell’s DNA • Coded with instructions for forming proteins and other important molecules

  26. Nuclear Envelope • Covers nucleus • Filled with pores • Regulates flow of material in and out of the nucleus • RNA, Proteins, etc.

  27. Chromatin & Chromosomes • Chromatin • DNA bound to protein; normally spread throughout nucleus • Chromosomes • Condensed chromatin that appears during cell division • Carrier for genetic information through generations

  28. Nucleolus • Dense center of nucleus • Where ribosome assembly begins

  29. Ribosomes • Small particles of RNA and protein found in cytoplasm • Produce proteins based on coded information from nucleus

  30. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Site where lipid components of cell membrane and protein assembly occur • Smooth ER • Lipid synthesis • Rough ER • Coated with Ribosomes • Involved with protein assembly

  31. Golgi Apparatus Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the ER for storage or secretion outside cell

  32. Lysosomes • Small organelles filled with enzymes • 2 functions • Digestion of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates for reuse • Breaking down organelles that begun to shut down

  33. Vacuoles Storage structures that hold water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates for future use Can be used in some simple cells as a pump to remove excess water

  34. Mitochondria • Convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell’s use • Double membrane • Inner membrane is folded inside organelle

  35. Chloroplasts • Capture energy from the sunlight and convert it into chemical energy via photosynthesis • Contains chlorophyll • Makes the structure green

  36. Cytoskeleton Network of protein filaments that helps the cell maintain its shape and deals with movement

  37. Cytoskeleton Specifics • Mircofilaments • Made of actin; creates flexible framework for cell • Microtubules • Hollow tubes made of tubulins, forms spindle fibers during cell division • Centrioles • Organize cell division; only in animal cells

  38. The Animal Cell • Lacks a rigid cell wall • Smaller Vacuole • Contains Centrioles • Used during Cell Division

  39. The Plant Cell • Has a rigid cell wall • Contains a very large vacuole • Chloroplasts • Contains photosynthetic pigments

  40. Labeling the Cell

  41. Cell Boundaries Section 7-3

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