Two Dimensional (2D) Instructional Media

Two Dimensional (2D) Instructional Media

Overview In these modern times, various instructional materials are used by the teachers but the most common are those that are two dimensional for they are inexpensive and have been used as permanent fixtures in the classrooms in the remote areas and that could be the reason why their pedagogical value is often underestimated.

Content Two-dimensional (2D) instructional materials consist only of length and width. They are paper based, opaque materials that are commonly found in classrooms that do not need any special equipment for its use.

1. Chalkboards • most common instructional media in classrooms, rural and urban alike • come in variety of colors but the most common is green • used as a medium for verbal communication • used as a surface where other instructional devices are posted to supplement instruction • It is neglected and it does not get the proper care it deserves due to its commonalities It effectively requires conscious effort for the teacherto be able to harness its power as an instructional tool.

Advantages • generally suitable for different age groups, class size and subject matter • no special skill is needed to be able to use it • not dependent on electricity • economical and reusable

Limitations • does not provide permanent records • viewing the contents of the board and reaching its top becomes a problem if it is not well situated. • good handwriting and knowledge on the proper spelling is a necessity • some information cannot be presented well • chalk dust can trigger asthma or respiratory problem

2. White Boards and Magnetic Boards • glossy surface, commonly white colored (multipurpose boards) • became popular around 90’s when there was a growing concern on the potential health risks of chalk dust. • basically have the same use and purpose of a chalkboard • becomes a magnetic board when it is made with a metal base

Advantages • using markers does not generate dust that comes from using and erasing chalk • whiteboard marker is easier to hold and write compared to chalk and marking with a whiteboard takes a less time

Limitations • more expensive than chalkboard, can only use special whiteboard markers • the white background can cause problems to those with vision impairment c. not convenient for left-handed persons because they usually write with their hand curved around the pen before causing their hand to drag across the stokes previously made

3. Cloth Boards (Felt, Flannel, and Carpet) A piece of plywood or heavy cardboard covered with either felt, flannel or carpet having fuzzy surfaces which allows visual materials with appropriate backing to adhere like felt, flannel, sandpaper, pellon, scouring pad and yarn

Cloth boards are portable, simple to use, durable, colorful and attractive which can be best use for drills, positioning exercise, describing flow patterns, explaining relationships and for short term display.

4. Hook and Loop Boards (Velcro Boards) In creating this, a plywood or heavy cardboard is covered with a nylon loop material and the nylon hooks are adhered on the back of the instructional materials to be displayed on the board.

5. Pegboards Made of tempered masonite with 1/8-inch holes drilled one inch apart and also used in displaying three-dimensional objects with the use of hooks inserted into the board

6. Bulletin Boards Are generally not used directly in instruction but tend to be a supplement which are used to introduce or follow-up lessons presented, designed as an instructional device that can carry a message without the presence of a teacher, also for displaying notices, announcements, classroom rules, procedures, seasonal items and student’s works

Graphic Materials Translate abstract ideas and relationships into a concrete form, non-photographic, two dimensional materials designed to communicate a message to the viewer, often reduce efforts in receiving messages, and they help focus attention

Advantages: • readily available • handy • easy to use • inexpensive • can be reused • helps focus attention • convey certain types of information in a condensed form

Limitations: • non interactive • lacks depth and motion • can be easily misinterpreted • written at a certain reading level • needs prior knowledge in order to interpret or understand what is presented

Drawings and Sketches Employ the use of simple or crude lines, may not be the real thing but they may represent persons, places, things, and concepts. Drawings are more finished and representational compared to sketches. Sketches usually lack details such as stick figures.

2. Cartoons Use symbolism and bold exaggeration to present at a glance a message/point concerning news events, people or situations. The pictorial representation should be drawn in a single idea and presented in a challenging manner. It needs not much caption as the symbolism conveys the message.

3. Strip Drawings A form of cartooning in which a cast of characters enacts a story in a sequence of closely related drawings. “strip drawings…a more accurate term for comics/ comic strip” by Dale(1969). Can be used for motivation or lesson starter and as an activity for students to express gained learnings

4. Posters Are combination of lines, images, colors, and words. Intended to catch attention and communicate a message quickly, used to stimulate interest in a new topic, a special class or a new event. Upon using this, appropriateness to the grade level, subject and purpose should be considered

5. Charts Are graphic presentations of abstract relationships such as chronologies, quantities and hierarchies (Heinich, R., Molenda, M., & Russell, D., 1993)

Organization Charts Show an organization’s structure or chain of command which Illustrates the interrelationships between the different parts of an organization

b. Classification Charts Similar to organization charts but its purpose is to show the classification or categorization of objects, events or species. An example is a chart showing the classification of plants or animals according to characteristic or specie

c. Time Lines Lines that show in sequence different events or the relationship of the people and events. To show the important concepts, picture or drawings are added

d. Tabular Charts or Tables They contain numerical information or data in a table or columns.

e. Flow Charts or Process Charts These kinds of charts show a process, sequence, or procedure

f. Tree or stream charts Show change, growth or development by starting with a single course and then spreads out into many branches which then come together into a single channel

g. Gannt Chart An activity time charts that illustrates the start or finish dates of a certain activity or project

6. Graphs Show quantitative data, make analysis and interpretation of numerical information easier • Line Graphs Used when plotting trends of relationships between series of data, shows a progress over a period of time

b. Bar Graphs Are the simplest and easiest to read, data are presented in horizontal or vertical bars. While widths of bars are the same, its length represents the amount or percentage data.

c. Pie Graph or Circle Graph Sections represents the parts of a whole, always present whole amounts and its parts are calculated in percentage or fractional parts

d. Area or Solid Graphs Used to compare several related totals through the use of geometric shapes

e. Pictorial Graphs or Pictographs Utilize related pictures or drawings to show numerical data, an adaptation of the bar graph

7. Diagrams Intended to show relationships or to help explain a process, how something works or how something is constructed. “Any line drawing that shows arrangement and relations as parts of the whole, relative values, origins and development, chronological fluctuations, distribution, etc.”

Cluster or Cloud Diagram Used in a nonlinear activity wherein ideas, images, and feelings are generated around a stimulus word

b. Chain of Events Illustrates the stages of an event, actions of a character, or the steps in a procedure.

c. Fishbone Mapping Used to show causal interaction of a complex event (like a nuclear explosion) or a complex phenomenon (like learning disabilities)

d. Cycle Illustrates how series of events interact to produce a set of results such as the life cycle

e. Compare/ Contrast A diagram that is used to show similarities and differences

f. Venn Diagram Used to show relationships between sets, similarities and differences between characters, stories or poem

8. Maps (Flat Maps) Representations of the earth’s surface or a part of it. The different types are as follows: a. Political Maps Show territories and boundaries b. Physical Maps Show data like altitude, temperature, rainfall, precipitation, vegetation and soil c. Commercial or Economic Maps Show a variety of information like the economic produce of the different regions

9. Flip Charts A stationary item resembling a small whiteboard supported by a four legged easel or tripod and several sheets of paper are hinged at the upper edge of the chart, and are best use in a small group discussion.

Pictures and Photographs Any kind of opaque representation of visual images which Includes drawings, photographs, pictures in books and Magazines, or any medium open to the artists’ interpretation Photographs Only includes images that were recorded by the camera and usually the exact representation of the original “all photographs are pictures but not all pictures are photographs”

Uses of Photographs: • Vocabulary building • Mood setting • Introduction of a topic or lesson • Spotlight a problem or issue • Clarification of a vague or abstract concept

Qualities of Good Pictures • Authentic and clear message • Good composition • Effective color • Good technical and mechanical quality

Postcards Commercially printed with space on one side for an address and postage stamp used for sending a short message through mail, can be used in teaching Social Studies or as items to be posted on the bulletin board

Flashcards Used for drill activities in teaching certain topics, may contain words, phrases, sentences, math combinations or pictures, help develop skills and learner’s responses as well

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Two Dimensional (2D) Instructional Media