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Lipids: Structure, Functions, and Effects on Cardiovascular Health

This article explores the general aspects of lipids, including their structure, functions, and role in cardiovascular health. It covers topics such as fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, lipoproteins, endothelial dysfunction, and the metabolic syndrome. The article also discusses the effects of exercise on lipid profiles and provides recommendations for maintaining a healthy lipid profile.

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Lipids: Structure, Functions, and Effects on Cardiovascular Health

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  1. Aspectos Gerais • Lipídeos: • Ácidos graxos • Cadeias saturadas, mono ou poliinsaturadas • Triglicerídeos • Forma de armazenamento • Fosfolipídios • Constituintes estruturais de membrana • Colesterol • Precursor de hormônios esteróides, ácidos biliares, vitamina D, constituinte de membrana

  2. FUNÇÕES DOS LIPÍDIOS • FONTE DE ENERGIA • ISOLANTE TÉRMICO • FUNÇÃO HORMONAL • PROTEÇÃO MECÂNICA • FUNÇÃO ESTRUTURAL • LUBRIFICANTE • FUNÇÃO IMPERMEABILIZANTE

  3. Lipoproteins • Function: Transport of fat soluble substances • Types: 1) Chylomicron • 2) VLDL • 3) LDL • 4) HDL

  4. Chylomicron Triglycerides 3 Fatty Acids Glycerol Adipose Skeletal Heart Blood (storage) Muscle (energy) (energy) Liver Chylomicron Remnant Liver

  5. VLDL • = Very Low Density Lipoprotein • Made in: the liver from excess dietary carbohydrate and protein along with the Chylomicron remnant • Secreted into: the bloodstream • Rich in: TGs • Function: Deliver TGs to body cells • Contains apo B100 • Similar to Chylomicrons, but made by different tissues

  6. LDL • = Low Density Lipoprotein • Made in: the Liver as VLDL • Arise from: VLDL once it has lost a lot of its TG’s • Secreted into: the bloodstream • Rich in: Cholesterol • Function: Deliver cholesterol to all body cells

  7. HDL • = High Density Lipoprotein • Made in: the Liver and Small Intestine • Secreted into: the bloodstream • Function: Pick up cholesterol from body cells and take it back to the liver = “reverse cholesterol transport” • Potential to help reverse heart disease

  8. Composition of the four major lipoprotein classes

  9. Placa de Ateroma Acumulo de lipídios modificados Ativação das células endoteliais Migração das células inflamatórias Ativação das células inflamatórias Recrutamento das células musculares lisas Proliferação e síntese da matriz Formação da capa fibrosa Ruptura da placa Agregação das plaquetas 9 Trombose

  10. Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) • Main type of CVD is Atherosclerosis (AS) • Endothelial dysfunction is one of earliest changes in AS • Mechanical, chemical, inflammatory mediators can trigger endothelial dysfunction: • High blood pressure • Smoking (free radicals that oxidatively damage endothelium) • Elevated homocysteine • Inflammatory stimuli • Hyperlipidemia

  11. Endothelial Dysfunction( endothelial activation, impaired endothelial-dependent vasodilation) • â endothelial synthesis of PGI2 (prostacylcin), & NO (nitric oxide) • PGI2 = vasodilator, âplatelet adhesion/aggregation • NO = vasodilator, âplatelet & WBC (monocyte) adhesion • á Adhesion of monocytes onto endothelium --> transmigration into subendothelial space (artery wall) --> change to macrophages • Endothelial dysfunction --> increased flux of LDL into artery wall

  12. Know Your Lipid Profile Fasting Blood Level Ideal, Healthy Level

  13. Know Your Diabetes, Metabolic Risk Fasting Healthy Pre-Diabetes Diabetes (Metabolic Syndrome)

  14. The Metabolic Syndrome

  15. Prevalence of major risk factors in Great Britain/England

  16. Plasma HDL-cholesterol in groups differing in level of habitual activity

  17. 4 VEZES NA SEMANA É MAIS EFETIVO DO QUE 3 VEZES NA SEMANA COMBINAÇÃO DE ALTO VOLUME E ALTA INTENSIDADE MOSTRA MAIOR EFEITO SOBRE O PERFIL LIPIDICO

  18. EXERCÍCIOS AERÓBICOS O’Donovan G, Owen A, Bird S, et al. Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and coronary heart disease risk factors following 24 wk of moderate- or high-intensity exercise of equal energy cost. J Appl Physiol. 2005;98(5):1619–25. (at 60 % VO2max) or a high-intensity exercise group (at 80 % VO2max). Both exercising groups completed three 400 kcal sessions weekly for 24 weeks. By setting the session volume in calories, the overall training volume was controlled. Participants were instructed to maintain their dietary habits. It was reported that significant lipid profile improvements occurred only in the high-intensity group, with significant decreases (p\0.05) in total cholesterol (from 6.02 to 5.48 mmol/L), LDL cholesterol (from 4.04 to 3.52 mmol/L) and non-HDL cholesterol (from 4.58 to 4.04 mmol/L). The evidence suggests that a

  19. EXERCÍCIOS DE RESISTÊNCIA MUSCULAR Lira F, Yamashita A, Uchida M, et al. Low and moderate, rather than high intensity strength exercise induces benefit regarding plasma lipid profile. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2010;2:31. Triglyceride clearance at 72 h was significantly (p\0.05) greater following 50 % 1 RM (-14.6 mg/dL) and 75 % 1 RM (-10.7 mg/dL) than following 90 % 1 RM (?9.5 mg/dL) and 110 % 1 RM (?12.1 mg/dL). Further, increases in HDL cholesterol were significantly greater following 50 % 1 RM and 75 % 1 RM than following 110 % 1 RM (p = 0.004 and 0.03, respectively).

  20. HDL Há efeitos agudos do exercício: 24 a 48 horas depois LDL ASSOCIAÇÃO DO EXERCÍCIO DE PERDA DE PESO CONTRIBUI MAIS COM O CONTROLE LIPÍDICO

  21. MECANISMOS PELO QUAL O EXERCÍCIO CONTRIBUI

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