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Table of Contents

Explore the fascinating world of animals, their unique body structures, and how they are classified. Learn about sponges, cnidarians, worms, and mollusks, and discover the major functions of animals' bodies. This chapter also includes preview questions and additional information about polyps.

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Table of Contents

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  1. Table of Contents Chapter Preview 11.1 What is an Animal? 11.2 Sponges and Cnidarians 11.3 Worms and Mollusks 11.4 Arthropods 11.5 Echinoderms • 11.1 What is an Animal? • 11.2 Sponges and Cnidarians • 11.3 Worms and Mollusks • 11.4 Arthropods • 11.5 Echinoderms

  2. Chapter Preview Questions • 1. Which of the following animals appeared first during Earth’s history? • a. fishes • b. mammals • c. worms • d. reptiles

  3. Chapter Preview Questions • 1. Which of the following animals appeared first during Earth’s history? • a. fishes • b. mammals • c. worms • d. reptiles

  4. Chapter Preview Questions • 2. Which of the following structures is NOT found in animal cells? • a. cell wall • b. cell membrane • c. mitochondria • d. nucleus

  5. Chapter Preview Questions • 2. Which of the following structures is NOT found in animal cells? • a. cell wall • b. cell membrane • c. mitochondria • d. nucleus

  6. Chapter Preview Questions • 3. If an animal reproduces asexually, it • a. has two parent organisms. • b. undergoes conjugation. • c. is genetically identical to its offspring. • d. inherits two different sets of alleles.

  7. Chapter Preview Questions • 3. If an animal reproduces asexually, it • a. has two parent organisms. • b. undergoes conjugation. • c. is genetically identical to its offspring. • d. inherits two different sets of alleles.

  8. Chapter Preview Questions • 4. If an animal has specialized tissues and organs, the animal’s cells have undergone • a. photosynthesis. • b. osmosis. • c. selective breeding. • d. differentiation.

  9. Chapter Preview Questions • 4. If an animal has specialized tissues and organs, the animal’s cells have undergone • a. photosynthesis. • b. osmosis. • c. selective breeding. • d. differentiation.

  10. On a walk through the park, you stop to look closely at the leaves of a plant. You see an insect laying eggs. The eggs are the result of sexual reproduction. The cells in each insect egg contain many genes. Where do these genes come from? Explain your answer. What major functions do animals’ bodies perform?

  11. What a polyp is Additional information about a polyp Use Clues to Determine Meaning The animals called cnidarians have two different body plans. One form looks something like a vase. The vase-shaped body plan is called a polyp. A polypís mouth opens at the top and its tentacles spread out from around the mouth.

  12. Apply It! 1. In your own words, what is the meaning of polyp? Sample: A polyp is a vase-shaped cnidarian. 2. What sentence contains the definition of polyp? Sentence 3 3. What other clues help you understand the meaning of polyp? The last sentence tells me it has a mouth that opens at the top and is surrounded by spreading tentacles.

  13. End of Chapter Preview

  14. Section 1: What is an Animal? • How are animal bodies typically organized? • What are the four major functions of animals? • What is symmetry? • How are animals classified?

  15. Structure of Animals • The cells of most animals are organized into higher levels of structure, including tissues, organs, and systems.

  16. Structure of Animals • The cells of most animals are organized into higher levels of structure, including tissues, organs, and systems.

  17. Classification of Animals • This branching tree shows how the major animal groupsare related.

  18. Links on the Animal Kingdom • Click the SciLinks button for links on the animal kingdom.

  19. The Animal Kingdom • Click the Video button to watch a movie aboutthe animal kingdom.

  20. End of Section: What Is an Animal?

  21. Section 2: Sponges and Cnidarians? • What are the main characteristics of sponges? • What are the main characteristics of cnidarians?

  22. Sponges • Structures surrounding the central cavity of a sponge are adapted for different functions.

  23. Structure of a Sponge Activity • Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about the structure of a sponge.

  24. Cnidarians • Cnidarians have two basic body plans, the vase-shaped polyp and the bowl-shaped medusa.

  25. Cnidarians • Cnidarians use stinging cells to capture food and defend themselves.

  26. Cnidarians • The life cycle of a moon jelly has both a polyp and a medusa stage, and both sexual and asexual reproduction.

  27. Invertebrates • Click the Video button to watch a movie about invertebrates.

  28. End of Section: Sponges and Cnidarians

  29. Section 3: Worms and Mollusks • What are the main characteristics of worms? • What are the main characteristics of each phylum of worms? • What are the main characteristics of mollusks? • What are eth main groups of mollusks?

  30. Characteristics of Worms • Biologists classify worms into three major phyla—flatworms, roundworms, and segmented worms.

  31. Life Cycle of a Dog Tapeworm • This tapeworm is a parasite that lives in more that one host during its life cycle.

  32. Roundworm Numbers • Biologists counted all the roundworms living in a plot of soil. Then they calculated the percentage that lives in different depths of soil.

  33. In the first centimeter Reading Graphs: Where in the soil was the largest percentage of roundworms found? Roundworm Numbers

  34. About 87% Calculating: What is the total percentage of roundworms found in the first 3-cm depth of soil? Roundworm Numbers

  35. The deeper the soil, the fewer the worms Drawing Conclusions: What is the relationship between the depth of soil and the abundance of roundworms in the soil? Roundworm Numbers

  36. Segmented Worms • Earthworms and other segmented worms have bodies made up of many linked sections called segments.

  37. Characteristics of Mollusks • Although they don’t look much alike at first, a snail, a clam, and a squid have the same basic body structures.

  38. Snails and Slugs • Gastropods such as this land snail have an organ called a radula, which tears and scrapes up food.

  39. More on Worms • Click the PHSchool.com button for an activity about worms.

  40. End of Section: Worms and Mollusks

  41. Section 4: Arthropods • What are the general characteristics of arthropods? • What are the distinguishing structures of crustaceans, arachnids, centipedes and millipedes, and insects?

  42. Characteristics of Arthropods • Members of the largest arthropod groups differ in several characteristics.

  43. Crustaceans • A crustacean is an arthropod that has two or three body sections, five or more pairs of legs, and two pairs of antennae.

  44. Body Structure • Insects are arthropods with three body sections, six legs, one pair of antennae, and usually one or two pairs of wings.

  45. Life Cycle • An insect with complete metamorphosis has four different stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult.

  46. Life Cycle • An insect with gradual metamorphosis has no distinct larval stage. An egg hatches into a stage called a nymph, which usually looks like the adult insect without wings.

  47. Links on Arthropods • Click the SciLinks button for links on arthropods.

  48. Insect Adaptations • Click the Video button to watch a movie aboutinsect adaptations.

  49. End of Section: Arthropods

  50. Section 5: Echinoderms • What are the main characteristics of echinoderms? • What are the major groups of echinoderms?

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