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ELECTIONS IN Punto Fijo VENEZUELA

ELECTIONS IN Punto Fijo VENEZUELA. National Elections Municipal and Regional Elections. National Elections During Punto Fijo Regime (1958 – 1978). Presidential Elections Legislative Elections National Cast of State and Local Elections (1958 – 1978).

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ELECTIONS IN Punto Fijo VENEZUELA

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  1. ELECTIONS IN PuntoFijoVENEZUELA National Elections Municipal and Regional Elections

  2. National Elections During PuntoFijo Regime (1958 – 1978) • Presidential Elections • Legislative Elections • National Cast of State and Local Elections (1958 – 1978)

  3. Presidential Elections: Transition and Consolidated Regime • Minority Presidents (1958- 1973) Presidents During Bi-party Dominance WINNERS Rómulo Betancourt Raul Leoni Rafael Caldera I Carlos Andrés Pérez I Luis Herrera Campins Jaime Lusinchi Carlos Andrés Pérez II

  4. Presidential Elections: Political Decay • Caldera’s Second Victory Shatters AD-COPEI Dominance • Chavez Victory in 1998 leads to a new political regime WINNERS Rafael Caldera II Hugo Chavez I

  5. National LEGISLATIVE ELECTIONS: PUNTO FIJO Consolidation • Election rules • Proportional list • Control by central party organizations • Divided congress during the multiparty system • AD demands patronage for cooperation during the two COPEI governments • Tight control by AD during Lusinchi government (1984-89)

  6. National LEGISLATIVE ELECTIONS: PuntoFijo Decline • AD retains control of Congress with diminished majorities (1989-94) Election rules • Shift to a mixed system of voting for congress • Proportional list slowly reduced • Increase of single, member district – winner take all • Elections of December 1993 • Caldera government lacks majority • AD assists Caldera in return for patronage (return of earlier pattern) • Separate legislative elections in December 1998 • Divided congress with AD retaining largest delegation • Congress is closed down as constituent Assembly picks up support

  7. Municipal and Regional Elections: Transition and Consolidation • Centralized control of municipal elections (1958-78) • Centralized control of regional governments (1958-1989) • Appointment of governors • Single ballot elects governors • Municipal Reforms of 1978 • Separation of municipal elections • City manager system and its frustration

  8. Municipal Elections: Ill-starred Reform Attempts • Dynamics of growing dissatisfaction • COPRE and the Lusinchi government • C.A. Perez’s advocacy of reform • Reforms of 1989 • Creation of the office of Elected Mayor • Mixed system of electing municipal councilmen • Juntas Parrochiales • Shortage of resources reduces impact of decentralization reforms

  9. Changes in Regional (State) & Local Elections 1989 • Direct election of governors • State Legislatures on a “mixed” basis • Direction election of mayors • Strengthening of Parish Councils

  10. Reality of changes differs from intent of reformers • Struggle to retain dominance by central party organizations of AD and COPEI • Emergence of local power bases opposed to two-party domination • CAUSA R in the industrial state of Bolivar • MAS in Aragua

  11. Charismatic Campaigner

  12. Elections that Created the Fifth Republic • National elections of 1998 • Constituent Assembly and Constitutional Referendum of 1999 • Continued domination by the Patriotic Pole • Manipulated electoral law shuts out opposition from writing of the new constitution • December referendum on the new constitution • Overwhelming approval • Abstention high

  13. Elections that Staffed the Fifth Republic: 2000 Presidential • Conditions • Plurality – six year term • Delay of balloting • The Contendors • MVR and MAS back Chavez • Francisco Arias Cardenas spearheads the opposition • Claudio Fermin: Punto Fijo revival? • Outcome • Chavez wins 60% of the total popular vote

  14. Elections that Staffed the Fifth Republic: National Assembly • Conditions • Mixed list-plurality system • Five-year term • The Contendors • MVR and MAS form Patriotic Pole • AD fields candidates in all states • New political parties in the regions (states) • Outcome • Patriotic Pole wins majority – but unable to modify the constitution • AD has largest opposition delegation • Middle class parties elect numerous Assemblymen

  15. Elections that Staffed the Fifth Republic: Regions • Conditions • Governors elected – first past the post (five year terms) • Mixed list-plurality system for state legislatures • The Contendors • MVR and MAS form Patriotic Pole • AD fields candidates in all states • New political parties in the regions (states) • Outcome • Patriotic Pole wins 16 of the 21 governors • Zulia remains with the opposition • Central states (Aragua & Carabobo) back opposition • AD elects governors in the Llanos

  16. Elections that Staffed the Fifth Republic: Municipalities • Conditions • Mayors elected in mega-elections of July 30, 2000 • Councilmen elected in December local elections • Neighborhood councils elected in December local elections • The Contendors • MVR and MAS form Patriotic Pole • AD fields candidates in most municipalities • New political parties in the regions run candidates for mayor/councilmen • Outcome • Patriotic Pole wins a majority of majors, but just barely • AD elects almost 30% of the majors s • Junta parochiales split among opposition and government forces

  17. *increases progressively after the 1998 national elections *reaches 80% in the municipal elections of December 2000*Exhaustion with electoral politics Abstention

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