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Hydrogen Fuel for Transportation

Hydrogen Fuel for Transportation. Deena Patel and Abigail Mechtenberg. Introductory Questions. What is the most abundant element in universe? Hydrogen What percentage of the atoms are hydrogen? 90 % Where is hydrogen found on Earth? H 2 0 and Hydrocarbons (i.e. fossil fuels)

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Hydrogen Fuel for Transportation

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  1. Hydrogen Fuel for Transportation Deena Patel and Abigail Mechtenberg

  2. Introductory Questions • What is the most abundant element in universe? • Hydrogen • What percentage of the atoms are hydrogen? • 90 % • Where is hydrogen found on Earth? • H20 and Hydrocarbons (i.e. fossil fuels) • Is hydrogen a source or carrier on Earth • Carrier • Where is hydrogen found as a source (not bound to other atoms? • Sun

  3. World has transformed dramatically in one life time – say in the last 80 years. 1917 Shop 1881 UM Engineering Today’s UM Engineering 1942 Engineering Class

  4. World has transformed dramatically in one life time – say in the last 80 years. 1913 Model-T 2003 cars with navigation systems

  5. World has transformed dramatically in one life time – say in the last 80 years. 1948 IBM Computer Today’s IBM Computer Today’s UM Computer Lab

  6. Original Gasoline Delivery - Innovative 1901

  7. President Bush Launchesthe Hydrogen Fuel Initiative "Tonight I am proposing $1.2 billion in research funding so that America can lead the world in developing clean, hydrogen-powered automobiles. "With a new national commitment, our scientists and engineers will overcome obstacles to taking these cars from laboratory to showroom so that the first car driven by a child born today could be powered by hydrogen, and pollution-free. "Join me in this important innovation to make our air significantly cleaner, and our country much less dependent on foreign sources of energy." President George W. Bush 2003 State of the Union Address January 28, 2003

  8. Energy Consumption – 100 Quads

  9. Transportation Petroleum Use by Mode (1970-2025) 2003 Total = 13.42 mbpd Note: Domestic production includes crude oil, natural gas plant liquids, refinery gain, and other inputs. This is consistent with EIA, MER, Table 3.2. Previous versions of this chart included crude oil and natural gas plant liquids only. Source: Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 24, ORNL-6973, and EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2005, Preliminary release, December 2004.

  10. Dependence on Oil Imports

  11. GHG Emissions

  12. GHG Emissions by Fuel Type

  13. Approaches to Reducing the Oil Gap • Produce More Domestic Oil • Use Less • Improve Efficiency (hybrid techology) • Use Alternative Fuels (hydrogen, biofuel) • Reduce Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) - Policy

  14. DOE Partners with Industry • FreedomCAR focuses on fuel cell vehicle and hybrid component technologies • Hydrogen Fuel Initiative focuses on hydrogen production, storage, delivery and infrastructure technologies The Goal: Fuel Cell Vehicles in the Showroom and Hydrogen at Fueling Stations by 2020

  15. Hydrogen Pathway Transportation . Hydro Wind Solar Geothermal Nuclear Biomass Distributed Generation Oil Coal With Carbon Sequestration Note: Nuclear Power Plant does not need carbon sequestration NaturalGas

  16. Conventional Vehicle: GV

  17. Hybrid Electric Vehicles: HEV

  18. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle: HFCV Accessories 2 Fuel 50 Transmission Losses = 6 Efficiency FC: Losses = 26 Power to Wheels 16

  19. Entering Market Prediction

  20. Fuel Economy Predictions Assuming PEMs are more efficient

  21. Hydrogen Fuel Cell

  22. Inside a Fuel Cell • The red Hs represent hydrogen molecules (H2) from a hydrogen storage tank. • The orange H+ represents a hydrogen ion after its electron is removed. • The yellow e- represents an electron moving through a circuit to do work (like lighting a light bulb or powering a car). • The green Os represent an oxygen molecule (O2) from the air. • The blue drops at the end are for pure water--the only byproduct of hydrogen power. 2H2 +O2 2H2O + electrical energy

  23. Proton Exchange Membrane: PEM • The proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell uses a fluorocarbon ion exchange with a polymeric membrane as the electrolyte. • The PEM cell appears to be more adaptable to automobile use than the other types of cells. These cells operate at relatively low temperatures and can vary their output to meet shifting power demands. • Efficiency is about 40 to 50 percent with outputs generally ranging from 50 to 250 kW

  24. Fuel Cell Demonstration Vehicles 4-5 passengers 80-90 mph speed 180-250 miles range

  25. Performance

  26. Fuel Cell System • Fuel Cell • Fuel Processor (if present) • Fuel Storage • Fuel Infrastructure

  27. Compressed Hydrogen Hydrogen Solid Hydride Hydrogen H2-FC Methanol Tank Methanol Reformer Gasoline Tank Gasoline Reformer Methanol Tank Methanol Possible System Configurations Methanol Gasoline Direct Methanol FC

  28. Compressed Hydrogen Hydrogen Solid Hydride Hydrogen H2-FC Methanol Tank Methanol Reformer Gasoline Tank Gasoline Reformer Methanol Tank Methanol Weight of Sub-Systems 85 kg 100 kg 90 kg 100 kg 52 kg Methanol 80 kg 50 kg Gasoline Direct Methanol FC

  29. How large of a gas tank do you want? Volume Comparisons for 4 kg Vehicular H2 Storage Schlapbach & Züttel, Nature, 15 Nov. 2001

  30. Volumetric Energy Density vsMass Energy Density Minimum Performance Goal Ultimate Goal

  31. Storage Issues for Various H2 Fuels

  32. Hydrogen Safety Vehicle with hydrogen tank Vehicle with gasoline tank • Hydrogen Flame • Cannot be seen • Temperature • Flame goes up Photo 2 - Time 0 min, 3 seconds - Ignition of both fuels occur. Hydrogen flow rate 2100 SCFM. Gasoline flow rate 680 cc/min. Photo 3 - Time: 1 min, 0 sec - Hydrogen flow is subsiding, gasoline vehicle engulfed in fire From: M.R. Swain, Fuel Leak Simulation, University of Miami,

  33. Varied Views on Timing • “Fuel-cell cars, in contrast [to hybrids], are expected on about the same schedule as NASA’s manned trip to Mars and have about the same level of likelihood.” Scientific American May 2004

  34. Perspectives to Consider • Even “in the advanced technology case with a carbon constraint … hydrogen doesn’t penetrate the transportation sector in a major way until after 2035.” Jae Edmonds et al., PNNL, 2/04 • Before then, H2 cars likely to increase GHGs. • Zero-CO2 H2 cars avoid CO2 at cost of $700/ton! E.C. Joint Research Center & EUCAR, 1/04

  35. Back to Original Goals In the meantime, we can reduce the oil gap by: • Fuel Efficient Vehicles • Alternative Fuel Use • Reduce VMT (Vehicle Miles Traveled) If we choose to use hydrogen in transportation, thenwe have to ask where is the hydrogen coming from

  36. Current Worldwide Hydrogen Uses 42 million tons (US 9 million tons) Source: NRC Hydrogen Economy (2004)

  37. Where does H2 come from? • Most H on earth is bound to other atoms • Water: H20 • Fossil Fuels: hydro-carbon chains • Organic matter: biomass • Need to input energy to break these bonds in order to isolate the hydrogen. • Energy carrier like electricity.

  38. H2 from H2O • Electrolysis • Running an electric current through water produces hydrogen and oxygen (reverse of fuel cell). • Dates back to 1800’s • Produces high purity H2 • Can use any fuel to generate electricity • Fossil fuels, nuclear, solar, wind • Other ways of splitting water: • Photolysis, biological, thermo-chemical

  39. Renewable Resource Potential

  40. H2 from fossil fuels • Fossil fuels, like oil, are made up of hydrogen and carbon chains.

  41. H2 from fossil fuels – natural gas • Steam reforming of natural gas: CH4 +H2O (1100° C) CO + 3H2 • Need to purify: CO can poison catalysts Water gas shift reaction: CO +H2O  CO2 + H2

  42. H2 from fossil fuels – coal, coke, biomass • Gasification to synthetic gas (syn. gas) C +H2O (1000° C) CO + H2 Followed by water gas shift reaction CO +H2O  CO2 + H2 • CO2 can be vented or captured (carbon capture).

  43. Current World Hydrogen Production Current US production: 9 million tons. By 2040 fuel cell cars and light trucks will require 150 million tons of hydrogen (DOE estimate) Source: DOE (2003)

  44. Peak Oil Production Source: P. Weisz Phys. Today July 2004

  45. Natural Gas Supplies Source: P. Weisz Phys. Today July 2004

  46. Coal Supplies Source: P. Weisz Phys. Today July 2004

  47. Carbon Capture • If fossil fuels are used to generate hydrogen, green house gasses (primarily CO2) can be captured at the production site. • Underground storage: geologic formations such as depleted gas and oil reservoirs. • Done in Norway since 1996: 1 million metric tons of CO2 per year. • Economical for large centralized sites

  48. Carbon Capture Potential Current US CO2 emissions: 6 billion metric tons

  49. Delivered H2 Cost ($/kg) $2.50/gallonof gasoline Source: LIpman (2004)

  50. GHG Emissions - Hydrogen Fuel Cell Nuclear Natural Gas Reforming Solar Biomass Electrol- ysis Source: LIpman (2004)

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