Chapter 9

1. Chapter 9 American Foreign Policy Nationalism and Sectionalism

2. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS • Secretary of State under James Monroe. • Through his efforts Americans gained the right to settle in the Oregon Country • Negotiated several treaties with Britain (Rush-Bagot, Convention of 1818) and the Adams-Onis Treaty with Spain.

3. RELATIONS WITH BRITAIN • In the years following the War of 1812, President Monroe and his Secretary of State John Quincy Adams tried to resolve our long-standing disputes with Great Britain. • Many important treaties were reached with Britain. We would never again war with Britain and they would become our strongest ally in the years to come.

4. RUSH-BAGOT TREATY • 1817 treaty between the US and Britain which set the number of naval vessels each could have on the Great Lakes. • provided for the disarmament –the removal of weapons– on an important part of the US-Canada border

5. CONVENTION OF 1818 • set the boundary of the Louisiana Territory between the US and Canada at the 49° parallel • Also both countries agreed to JOINTLY OCCUPY the Oregon Country in the Pacific .

8. Use your text and notes Write a SUMMARY PARAGRAPH on how the U.S. and Great Britain settled their disputes

9. RELATIONS WITH SPAIN • Spain owned East Florida and claimed West Florida. • US claimed West Florida was part of the Louisiana Purchase. • In 1810 and 1812 the US simply added parts of West Florida (Louisiana and Mississippi) to its territory. • Spain objected but took no action.

10. RELATIONS WITH SPAIN and ANDREW JACKSON • In April 1818, General Andrew Jackson invaded Spanish East Florida and captured several Spanish forts. • Jackson had been ordered to secure the border with Spanish Florida and stop Seminole raids into Georgia but went beyond his orders in invading Florida. • The Spanish Prime Minister protested and demanded that Jackson be punished.

11. RELATIONS WITH SPAIN and ANDREW JACKSON • Secretary of War Calhoun said that Jackson should be court-martialed for over-stepping his authority. • Adams, although he did not authorize Jackson’s raid, did nothing to stop it. He guessed that the Spanish did not want war with the US and might be ready to negotiate a settlement to the dispute over Florida.

12. RELATIONS WITH SPAIN and the ADAMS-ONIS TREATY • Troubled by rebellions in Mexico and South America Spain signed the Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819. • This treaty gave East Florida to the US and Spain gave up all claims to West Florida. • In return, the US agreed to take over responsibility of paying $5 million that American citizens claimed were owed to them by Spain.

13. The two countries also agreed on the Western border of the Louisiana Purchase. • The new border extended northwest from the Gulf of Mexico to the 42nd parallel and then West to the Pacific Ocean. • The US had become a transcontinental power.

15. Use your text and notes Write a SUMMARY PARAGRAPH on how the Adams-Onis Treaty settled border disputes between the U.S. and Spain (include Florida and the western boundary of the Louisiana Purchase).

16. LATIN AMERICA REPUBLICS • The American Revolution sparked a number of revolution around the world. • In the early 1800’s, revolts against Spanish colonial rule occurred in Central and South America. • Miguel Hidalgo, a Spanish priest, led a revolt in Mexico. • Jose de San Martin led revolts in Chile and Peru. • Simon Bolivar, known as The Liberator, led revolts in the present-day countries of Venezuela, Columbia, Panama, Bolivia, and Ecuador

17. THE MONROE DOCTRINE • In 1822, Spain was desperately trying to hold on to its fast disappearing empire in America. • Spain asked Prussia, France, Austria, and Russia (the Quadruple Alliance) for help in fighting the revolutions. • This possibility of increased European involvement in the Americas led President Monroe into action.

18. THE MONROE DOCTRINE • On December 2, 1823, President Monroe issued a statement that would become known as the Monroe Doctrine. • This statement said that the US would not interfere with any existing European colonies in the Americas but it would oppose any new ones. • This was a warning to Europe not to interfere with any of the newly established countries in the Americas.

19. THE MONROE DOCTRINE • In 1823, the US had little military power to back up this statement. • Nevertheless, the Monroe Doctrine became an important element in American foreign policy and would remain so for over 170 years.

20. Use your text and notes Write a SUMMARY PARAGRAPH on the Monroe Doctrine

21. Era of Good Feelings • Federalists were pro-British in the war between Britain and France • US and Britain fought the War of 1812 • Federalists fell out of power. • Jefferson and Madison were both Democratic- Republicans (16 years) • By 1815, the Federalist had ceased to exist as a national party.

22. 9-2 Nationalism and Sectionalism

23. Era of Good Feelings • Monroe (another Republican) was elected in 1816. • Political party differences seemed to have faded away with the sense of national unity that swept the country following the War of 1812. • A Boston newspaper called these years, “The Era of Good Feelings” HC: Era of Good Feelings

24. Sectionalism • Regional differences soon brought the Era of Good Feelings to an end. • Sectionalism—loyalty to a particular region– became more intense as differences arose over national policies • Some of the issues were slavery, the need for tariffs, the national bank, and internal improvements. • The country became divided into three main regions—North, South and West

25. Daniel Webster • became a powerful voice for the North • Senator from New Hampshire • supported free trade and the shipping interests on New England, the Tariff of 1816 • eloquent speaker…known for “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!”

26. John C. Calhoun • spokesman for Southern interest • Senator from South Carolina. He was a planter and a War Hawk. • In the 1820’s he emerged as a leader on states’ rights; opposed protective tariffs, the national bank, and internal improvements

27. Henry Clay • Spokesman for the Western states • Speaker of the House of Representatives • War Hawk from Kentucky; negotiated the Treaty of Ghent • National leader who tried to resolve regional disputes through compromise • Proposed THE AMERICAN SYSTEM (protective tariffs + internal improvements + national bank = development of industry HC: The American System

28. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS • Federal, state, and privately funded projects, such as roads and canals, used to develop the nation’s transportation system

29. MISSOURI COMPROMISE • Missouri was the first state from the Louisiana Purchase that was ready to become a state. • Missouri wanted to enter as a slave-holding state. • Northerners wanted Missouri to be a free state.

30. MISSOURI COMPROMISE • At the time (1820), there were 22 states in the US (11 slave-holding states and 11 “free” states) • Adding Missouri would upset this delicate balance • Many observers feared for the future of the US

31. MISSOURI COMPROMISE • The debate raged on as to whether to allow Missouri in as a slave state or free state. • During the debate, Maine (formerly part of Massachusetts) applied for statehood • Henry Clay worked out a compromise called the MISSOURI Compromise

32. MISSOURI COMPROMISE • The Missouri Compromise allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state and Maine to enter a free state. • The delicate balance between free and slave states was maintained. • In an attempt to limit the future spread of slavery, the Missouri Compromise banned slavery in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory north of 36°30’ N parallel. HC; The Missouri Compromise